This was germany, a beautiful country. A historic country. A prosperous country. A modern country. The german people, a clean and. Idy people an educated people. A musical people. An industrious people. These people look outright look all right. The mailman, the farmer, they all look ready much like the full back home. Holding jobs. Raising families. Enjoying life. They certainly look like the kind of people we can understand. Or can only . A quiet decent people who prepared 20 years to bring more into theworld war world. A religious people who burned churches, persecute the faithful. The kindly people who accept blood purchase, concentration camps. The gentle people who tortured, starved, exterminate. These were men, they died in german concentration camps. These too were men. They did not quite die. These bones were men, women and children sent to be exterminated in the german death factory. This is the scientifically designed gas chamber. This the furnace for burning the corpses. This, the clothing of the victims with the germans methodically salvaged. These, the childrens toys, carefully collected for the use of german children. These made by german guards. Objects of art made of human skin. Polls murdered by the germans. These were italians murdered by the germans before they left rome. These were belgians murdered by the germans. These were americans, prisoners of war murdered by the germans. These are some of the reasons why the german farmers, the german mailman in the german cop cant be quite like the people back home. Thats why we got to look a little deeper into the german character. The character of the people who plunged the world into a war. And each time claiming they were a victim. That is the puzzle weve got to solve if we are to save our children from the third ward. The puzzle of that clean, industrious people. Fond of tyranny, fond of aggressive and, fond of groep fond of gas chambers. What gave the germans that character . What makes them think, act, feel this way . Taylor would have answered, german blood. Too many of our friends and neighbors have had german blood. That same blood we have seen in great america. For what makes them american is not any special presses precious sort of blood, but the tradition we inherited. His tradition, not blood, that patterns the way we think, act and feel. Our ancestors came here to escape tyranny. Thats part of the american tradition. Thats why no american can believe in any government that is not of the people, by the people and for the people. Iny came to be able to pray any way they wanted or in any church they wanted. Thats why freedom of religion institution. R in school we learned none of us are any better than any other american, or any of us in the world. There is no privilege few that all men have equal rights. Best are to edition we were brought up in. Thats the tradition we were brought up in. At home, at school and at our jobs. That is the tradition that made us what we are. Now, what is the tradition that has made this man . How does it differ from ours . Thats a we have to find out. These were ideal german types. Lets call one of them crawl schmidt. A member of the master race who goose stepped his way across an entire continent. His father did the same goosestep and followed the same road of conquest. And the grandfather of carl schmitt did the same goosestep entered the same path of aggression. The same goosestep, the same will of aggression, the same lust for conquest. He was known as the kaiser. Your grandfather remembers bismarck. Was fathers generation threatened. And your grandfather the nazis and the prussians. Three different names for three different generations of germans attempting to put their will on others by force. Three generations following a tradition so different from ours. Lets go back further and see how this tradition began. No years ago there was single country. Instead, a loose conglomeration of 300 little states without a common history, religion or literature. In america we were living under the democratic cost to should we enjoy today. The british could look back on hundreds of years of parliamentary government. The french had made their revolution in the name of , fraternity. Lity but 300 Little German states were still property and ruled without the consent of their people. Notone had a constitution, one had a parliament, not one had freedom of speech or of the press or of assembly. Instead, a rigidly organized medieval society, with all power centralized in the hands of a few lords. , theme example was prussia most aggressive of the german state. Where the military cast of land owners ruled their peasants with iron discipline. To perpetuate this futile militaristic society, the prussians established a rigid code of law, administered by a host of state officials, answering only to him. This was the perfect system to prevent any rise of liberty among the subject area and it was also the perfect system to make possible ruthless aggression against the world. I shalltaking find scholars afterward to demonstrate my perfect right. First he invaded prussias brother country without a declaration of war. [gunshots] the result, victory. For seven years he fought singlehanded against austria, russia, sweden and french. France. Thus creating throughout the other german states the myth that there were invincible. In 1786, frederick stream of conquest lived on. Nurtured and developed by the was a guarditarist, at each war is only one campaign in an unending war for prussian supremacy in europe. To this end, the organizer and the strategist established the prussian general staff. Oristearest sit the the set down their gospel in his famous book. Theas been slated to be core of germany so germany can be the core of the future german empire of the west. The book became the bible of the prussian military. With nothing of their eyes. Even as the militarists were plopping, the waves swept over europe. Begin to fight for themselves and demand what had long been accepted in england and france. A constitution. The king of prussia asks, never must a scrap of paper come between me and my country. A constitution, a scrap of paper. Some citizens determined on liberty went to the barricades. The machinery of the prussian state went into action. The revolt died. The will to liberty was not Strong Enough for the people to defy the voice of authority. One with the love of liberty began to leave prussia. In the next 30 years, 2 million of them came to find freedom in the United States alone. While their cousins remain intod, were molded ruthless ready to follow blindly the will of the leader. Bismarck, appointed Prime Minister of prussia in 1862. A plus a shrewd man, but devoted to the prussian dream of conquest and a master of the prussian method of achieving. The Great Questions of the day will not be decided by revolutions of majorities, but by blood and iron. And to go with it, ruthless discipline. Mesoon as anybody can show the policy, i shall be equally satisfied to see our troops fire at the french, russians or the english. Two years after bismarck became Prime Minister he provoked a war against bismarck. The result, victory. Two years later, against austria. Result, another victory. Four years later the great test against france. An amazed world stood by as prussia, until then a minor power, and aired to challenge the strongest nation in europe. The result, another victory. This was the moment of triumph that changed the history of the world. The prussian dream of conquest was no longer a dream. The germans saw the prussian Eagle Soaring triumphant in the european sky. Carried on the bandwagon and united them to prussian leadership to join the german empire. And in the hall of mirrors and the heart of defeat, bismarck sides prussian king crowned german emperor. Absolute monarch of a new emperor. Founded on blood, iron and conquest. , victorious. Emblem of victory. Not the liberty bell, not the magna carta, not any symbol of freedom, but victoria, the symbol of conquest. Thus, prussia had created germany. And the myth of russian superiority had become the myth of the master race. Of thathe carl schmitt generation had any worry about the liberties that had been denied, they were now forgotten. In this moment of triumph, just to be a german was enough. In the newly created right industry flourished as never before. The merchant fleet grew larger every day. German harbors were jammed with commerce. And german stomachs filled with beer and saucers sausage. Germany had achieved unity, become rich, no other country threatened her. The world hoped for a peaceful, good neighbor. But the world have forgotten the prussian inheritance. A tradition not of peace, but of war and conquest. [gunshots] [singing] and by now, carl schmitt of the Second Generation. The father of the carl schmitt we had to fight was arrogantly singing germany, germany overall. As he probably watched his father lamb becoming the most aggressively nationalistic country in the world. Industry was carefully controlled for the policies of the great general. Bismarcke new right, added a fourth to the structure of a warlike state. Fredericks militarist, landowners, and state officials had been joined by the big industrials. A gigantic Railroad System was laid out, more according to strategic war plans than in the necessity of peacetime trade. One of the largest navies was constructed. The army was built up to staggering proportions. The personification of the envision. German use was not football, but the deadly drool deadly jewel. The scar was the badge of honor. The more scars of the handsome. Did they not for the man in arms. And competitively watching all stood the great general staff. Still directed by the prussians. The cure and the knowledge that their power and knowledge was power was indisputable. Germany was geared for war. All it needed was a new leader to give the word. And again, that leader was at hand. William the second. The kaiser that your father knew. Not a shrewd cynic like bismarck, but in arrogant , yet a leader in the german tradition. We germans like to bear arms and we like war. What it Carl Schmitts fathers day to all that . [chanting] a german spark is always ignited the fire. Soon everything will be a flame. [chanting] through one International Crisis after the other, the kaiser rattled his sword, lively loudly demand and germanys place in the sun. Proposing international agreement, but disarmament did not suit the plans of the german military, landowners, state officials, or industrialists. They wanted their own way and their own way made more. War was inevitable. [explosion] how do the Second Generation react to the prospect of a world war . Berlin took on the air of a carnival. Blindly, joyfully the people cheered, eager to follow the leader under a new conquest. Schmittt of 1914, carl of the Second Generation, indoctrinated with 150 years of prussian tradition, marched off to set the world aflame. Had he not been taught . Did he not believe that whatever germany demands is right . Even when he marched through belgium, dismissing the scrap of paper. Even when german scientist developed poison gas in violation of international agreements, which germany had solemnly signed. Even when, in violation of all the agreed posts of war, german uboats had unarmed merchant ships without warning. Thus what his father had done to ,rance, to denmark, to austria the secondgeneration carl schmitt attempted to do to the world. Our own president wilson said i once for a little while, unable to believe that things would be done by any government, that had subscribed to the human practices of civilized nations. But then when we realized we were directly threatened, when every protest was ignored, and germany carried dont war did we feel compelled to fight. [singing] [shouting] [gunshots] [explosion] finally, under the combined attack of the allied, the german army started to crumble, to fall back, to run from battle. Germany was at the mercy of the allied. General von ludendorff, the general chief of staff and dictator was forced to send a secret message to the berlin government. The author of peace must be transmitted immediately. The army cannot wait another 48 hours. The allies could fight on to unconditional surrender. Urgedrtime french leader that the allies should march triumphant into berlin. Our own general persian set, complete victory can only be obtained like continuing the war until we are forced under conditional surrendering. But the world would not listen. So was the thought of peace that the armistice was granted. We celebrate. Not only because the war was over, the because it seemed we put an end to german militarism forever. Hadnt the german army been beaten . Hadnt the german plan for conquest failed . Chairing cheering] now in theany public, apparently like our own, facing a liberty and equality . Didnt that prove carl schmitt rid himself of the old german tradition . Father thoughtr he celebrated in 1918. Lets see what really happened. When defeat was imminent, the men who caused the war stepped conveniently into the background, leading the leaving the week opposition parties to take over. That is how germany became a republic. It had elected representatives all the appearances of democracy. The oldneed the surface german system when on as before. The state officials of the kaisers empire over the state officials of the new republic. The industrialists of the empire around the industries of the republic. Even the same teachers presided over the same classrooms, preaching the same gospel of nationalism and german racial superiority. Staffove all, the general of the empire continue to function, even though secretly. Old germany still lived and call schmitt would never really change. In the first place he never believed that his army had been defeated. During the four years of the war he was told only of an unending ring of victory. News of defeat had been kept from him. When the fighting ceased, was in his Glorious Army still on soil. Germany itself still on invaded. And because germany was granted an armistice instead of being forced to unconditional surrender. Call schmitt never saw soldiers marching through. Instead, the german army home again after the armistice. Like the army of frederick the army. Like bismarcks why then did germany sign an armistice . Why when youre in a half later was he called the shame treaty of their site . I was germany, in his judgment and undefeated germany, excepting the penalties of defeat . Call schmitt was looking for a scapegoat. He found one. The one the german war leaders always planned that he should find. Call schmitt never blamed the men who would cause the war. Whoead, he blamed the men would assign the piece. Republicated german met a bunch of traders that would stab the fatherland in the back. The general staff, the great landowners, the industrialists, state officials smiled content. Not only did they escape blame themselves, but they smeared the idea of democracy and germany. It was a blow from which it would never recover. Carl schmitt would go back to the old tradition. Through tradition of frederick and bismarck and the kaiser. The tradition of militarism and war. But wasnt a treaty designed to prevent call schmitt starting another war carl schmitt starting another war . They agreed to limit their army to 100,000 men to hand over their fleet, to demilitarized postal fortification. They found themselves never again to build an airport, or summary, and to submarine, and to force a treaty. Oan sector for five years, a lone sector for five years. There was the league of nations designed to prevent germany or any other country from starting a war of aggression. Only 20 years later, the Carl Schmitts of our generation were on their way for smashing the world into submission. How was carl schmitt unable to resign . } germany faced hard times. Carefulermany, manipulation made its results much worse for the millions of Carl Schmitts. Making them rich and canceled the huge debt of the landowners. It broke carl schmitt. Then came the depression. That cost him his job. So hunter was added to his resentment and bitterness. Now thee moment militarists, the landowners, state officials, the industrialists emerged from their obscurity. Their plans were ready. Now they went to work. What is the cause of your troubles . The treaty of their size. Who signed the treaty act . The democrats. And why are you starting . To pay for reparations. Who started the war so the crown prince and the french . Who lost the war . ,he democrats, the communists the traders. He was hearing the story he wanted to hear. Victim of a vast conspiracy he told himself. The road was against him and once again he was being taught to hate. Looking fore was revenge. And revenge was possible because the world allowed him to tear up the treaty, clause by clause. Instead of enforcing it, we americans refused to sign it and withdrew our army of occupation after only nine months. The british, even though germany was consistently violated, pulled out after five years. The french made one final attempt to enforce the treaty. But this made them so unpopular in a world trent drenched with heartbreaking propaganda. What would have happened had the treaty been enforced. Without a general staff, germany could not have planned world war ii. From a demilitarized land he could not attacked france. Without an air force army of 100,000 she could not attack the soviet union. She cannotmarines, threaten our own atlantic lifeline. The treaty of versailles was not important. As for the league of nations, we refused to join it. Once again, the germans began to march. Not in the open at first, but on the drill field. Or as the socalled technical exhilarated course, formed to help them strike. Vigilante groups claiming to protect the citizens against communism. Or in school, but always under the supervision of army officers. The old german tradition was on its way back. To the victorious allies, the german leaders sang a different tune. Peace, friendship and a piteous cry for help. Visit your beautiful country myself. The situation today is extremely difficult. [inaudible] germanys former enemies are oppressing her above endurance. When the german leaders wind they were too poor to pay reparations, we believed them. The result . They did not pay one penny. They received additional billions in loans. It didnt occur to most of us that they would use this money to build up their industry for another war. Sympathize with carl schmitt. Why should he suffer because his father started a war . Maybe the versailles treaty wasnt fair. Maybe the french were too tough. Maybe was the british. Maybe wilson wasnt very practical. Once again, we were determined to see only the Pleasant Side to german terror. A clean and tidy people. A musical people. An