John the program is entitled the origins of the militaryindustrial complex and features dr. Daniel ellis, who is this years staff fellow, a prestigious position. He has been using items to investigate the origins of the militaryindustrial complex through wartime and immediate postwar, meaning postworld war ii, evolution between Scientific Research, industry and National Defense. Dan has advised congress on defense issues. I was a colleague of his at crs for several years. Dan did things in connection with things i knew, a whole range of things, defense production act, appropriations, military construction, and he does many more things at crs. He holds a phd in Political Science from George Washington university. And at crs, as many of you know, he is the author of many reports on defense, trade and security. , this project is the latest example of the work undertaken by staff fellows showcasing their knowledge and passion of their areas of expertise. This is funded by a gift left by the late john w clooney that founded the kluge center in 2011. Daniel is one of nearly 100 scholars who pass through the center each year. It is our honor to have dan with us the bulk of last year in his tenure here. Please join me in welcoming dan. [applause] daniel ok. Thank you very much. How is this working . All right. This is an inquiry into the evolution of what president dwight d. Eisenhower in his federal address to the nation on january 17, 1961, dubbed the militaryindustrial complex. Exactly what ike meant by that term has been debated ever since. Lets assume it is a perceived alliance between the defense and Industrial Base. Specifically, we will focus on a world war ii temporary Government Agency created in 1940 and passed out of existence at the end of 1947. The office of Scientific Research and development or osr d. This year, ive been trying to answer some relatively narrow research questions. Why did osrd exist, why do those who studied it considerate to be effective, and what are the legacies and echoes of osrd that we can here today . I owe a great deal of thanks to many individuals who made this possible. The kluge scholars counsel, the then acting librarian of congress for appointing me to the position. The dedicated staff of the kluge centerr itself. I and my fellow fellows have wanted for nothing during our stays here. They include emily, travis, anastasia, mary lou, daniela, and he who must not be named, the new center director, john haskell. The other stars in this drama are the fantastic resources at the library of congress itself. I wallowed in the library for a year and barely touched on its resources that are directly on my own small projects. There are the stacks and stacks of books maintained by the collections and Services Division under helena. The online catalogs that guide you and through which these treasures are brought to you. The ejournal that stretch back decades. Special mention is merited for two unique resources the most complete collection of Technical Reports prepared under contract to the osrd, along with scientific intelligence on the european and pacific theaters of operation curated here by lawrence and his colleagues in the collection support and Technical Reports section. And the personal papers collection entrusted to Jeffrey Flannery and the manuscripts division. They, with some help from their conveyor praise contemporaries at president ial libraries and archivists at Harvard University and m. I. T. Provided the material from which this study has come. By the way, the relevance of the holdings of the library were highlighted by an inquiry today received by Marcus Lawrence for his specific osrd Technical Report wanted by another Government Agency. If there is a central figure to the story, it is dr. Vanever bush. It rhymes with achiever or in his case, perhaps, overachiever. An inventor a professor of , Electrical Engineering at m. I. T. , and cofounder of the company now known as raytheon, he was a dean of the school of Electrical Engineering and the Institute Vice president before he moved to the capital at the beginning of 1938 to take up director ship of the Carnegie Institute of washington, now known as the Carnegie Institute for science. During world war ii, he was appointed as chair of the National DefenseResearch Committee and later became the director of the umbrella organization. He became the unofficial scientific advisor to president franklin roosevelt. These wartime organizations exerted a profound influence on the impact of technology on war, including the introduction of atomic weapons and the ensuing postwar relationship between the federal government and Scientific Research that has developed since 1945. Today, Government Support for Scientific Research, especially at the most basic level, is taken for granted. This was not always the case. Traditionally, what passed for scientific inquiry was supported by individual fortunes or wealthy sponsors. After the creation of the united states, even inquisitive, scienceminded chief executives found it difficult to expand support for American Science beyond private philanthropy. Primarily due to the strict reading of the constitution by states rights activists. There was no exquisite mandate explicit mandate to support science, so any federal support to efforts such as the lewis and clark expedition, the founding of a naval observatory, or Geological Survey and mapping projects, had to be justified under the constitutions article one, section eight, admonition to congress to regulate commerce with foreign nations, in several states and with the indian , tribes. Thus, science had to be good for business. In the middle of all of this, a wealthy british chemist inadvertently threw a constitutional hand grenade. James smithson, never married and without children, died in 1829, leaving his considerable estate to his nephew. Said nephew, likewise unmarried and without heirs, passed away himself in 1835. Anticipating this, smithson said ofpulated that the next use placedowment would be to in washington the smithsonian institution. Congress belatedly accepted the request in 1838 and started seven years of haggling over what the ensuing institution should be. A library, university, museum or something else. Its first secretary, joseph henry, steered it to becoming a center for scientific learning. At the same time, the benefits of scientific enhancements to the nations dominant agriculture economy were becoming apparent, especially along the agriculture dominated frontier of the midwest. Prodded by professor Jonathan Baldwin turner, a representative from vermont introduced the bill into congress in 1857 to grant tracks of federal land to the states for the purposes of establishing agricultural colleges. Finally passed both houses in was vetoed by president James Buchanan on a strictly delineated constitutional grounds argument. The states rights obstacles soon resolve itself through secession. The congressional delegations of the 11 seceded Southern States absented themselves from washington, he reintroduced the landgrant bill was reintroduced and enacted in 1862, giving us what are now known as landgrant colleges. Upon the outbreak of the civil war, all manner of inventors flocked to the capital to offer devices for the war effort. We have all heard stories about individuals showing up at the war and Navy Departments and even the white house, eager to demonstrate the effectiveness of their projects. It soon got so bad that the secretary of the navy appointed a Navy DepartmentPermanent Commission of three scientists to screen the flood of suggestions. At the same time, a group of three scientists, a geographer, a biologist, and a navy astronomer, persuaded senator henry wilson of massachusetts to introduce a bill that would put a new Scientific Community at the service of the federal government. To investigate, experiment, and report on any subject when requested by a federal department. The bill was one among dozens enacted on the last day of a lameduck session of the 37th congress, and it established the National Academy of sciences. After 1865, american inventiveness turned away from war and toward commerce and industry. Development of lands the west promoted some agencies to investigate natural resources. The department of agriculture, commerce and labor, and National Parks service appeared during this period. While Government Research tended toward the applied , military technology continued to advance among the european nations, particularly in germany, britain, and france. Military aircraft, summaries, submarines, poison gas, and the machine gun revolutionized airfare. When the u. S. Entered the conflict in 1917, the country found it had to mobilize the entire economy and society for or and that advancing science needed to be applied to weapon and industrial development. In the event, the conflict provided a number of lessons on how not to do it. Neutrality before 1917 inhibited any prehostility preparation. To the extent they could, existing federal laboratories, including the newly created National Advisory committee on aeronautics, nasas predecessor, possessed considerable scientific expertise but were oriented toward peacetime development. Once the u. S. Entered the war, they had no contact with the war or Navy Department. Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniel tried to replicate the civil war experience by asking Thomas Edison to head a naval consulting board of scientists and engineers to solicit suggestions for solving some of the navys pressing problems such as submarine detection. Other bodies set up through legislation and Emergency Powers include a council of National Defense which, like other temporary wartime agencies, suffered from ill defined mission and authority. The National Academy of sciences organically,ssist suggested to president wilson that a National Research council be established under its authority to organize more Research Outside of its membership. After the u. S. Entry into the war, council on National Defense brought the National Research council under its wing as its research arm, and the naval consulting board as its a board of inventions. However, military departments favored direct control over the research that might affect this operation. In addition, there was no specific legal means for the army or navy to funnel appropriated funds to civilians for specific scientific work. Therefore, the principal means by which Technology Found its way into the war effort was through the temporary commissioning of scientists and engineers into the services themselves. Thus, between the relatively disorganized efforts of the council on National Defense, the federal civilian laboratories, the military services, technology and even industry could not hit its stride before the armistice of november 1918. Demobilization began as soon as guns fell silent. Scientists surrendered commissions and the consulting board effectively ceased to exist. Federal laboratories returned to peacetime pursuits, the National Research council turned from organizing wartime Scientific Research to the promotion of civilian Scientific Societies and soon ceased to use any government funding. After the war, the naca continued a vigorous program of aeronautical research. The council of National Defense had outlived its usefulness and was suspended in 1921. Nevertheless, the naval consulting board recommended in 1916 that the navy create its own research facility. Because various factions could not agree on a site for the facility, the Naval Research laboratory was not commissioned until 1926. All government science until now had been concentrated on natural sciences. The burgeoning industrial economy overtaking traditional agriculture and the advent of government planning in Franklin Roosevelts new deal, with those the importance of the social sciences came to the fore. For example, the National Bureau of labor statistics and secretary of agriculture henry wallace. F. D. R. Appointed a physicist and president of the Massachusetts Institute of technology in 1933 to head a science Advisory Board. Funded by the rockefeller foundation, for there was no appropriation. The board tacked academics and industrial scientists to study the organization of various government bureaus. In the course of its limited life, the board suggested that the study of basic science underpinned all other research and should become an end in itself. It also proposed a new deal for science using Government Funds to support research at universities. Comptons plan proved too ambitious and was resisted by another f. D. R. A portion f. D. R. Appointed body the , National Resources board, f. D. R. s uncle, Frederick Delano. Ultimately it failed to gain sponsorship. Military research during the war period was minimal. An anecdote might explain why. In 1934, a board headed by former secretary of war recommended strengthening Army Research and development above the equivalent of 74 million that it was in the early 1930s. The army general staff and chief of staff responded by concluding that the army needs large quantities of excellent equipment that has already been developed. The outbreak of world war ii and the hightechnology weaponry immediately deployed gave the light of such an attitude, and some within the Nations Technology community responded. In large part, that took the response of a new National Research defense community. The three individuals most responsible for its creation and effectiveness were vanever bush , president of the Carnegie Institute of washington, a physicist and president of Harvard University, and carl compton. They and others used the experience of world war i and comptons 1930s studies to develop a Different Organization for supporting the coming war effort. The lead individual was bush, who used his relationship with Frederick Delano to gain an audience in early 1940 with f. D. R. s close advisor harry hopkins. At that meeting, he outlined an organization that can leverage the prestige of its central actors to become the interface between the existing University Research organization and the war and Navy Departments, revising and using the existing authority of the council of National Defense. Bush proposed a National Defense committee created by the president within his office for Emergency Management under his special Emergency Powers that existed in 1940. The committee would be empowered to support research on the mechanisms of warfare, except where those activities would overlap with the naca or war and Navy Department. Importantly, this ndrc would undertake its own research on this mentality, methods, and materials of warfare. Lacking direct statutory authority, it would be funded by the president s emergency funds made available to him by congress. Hopkins persuaded f. D. R. To meet with bush on june 16, 1940, and the president gave immediate approval. Officially stood up on 27th june, 1940. The organizers knew that the efforts of the previous war foundered in part because of the separation between military services and research organization. Therefore, the committee included senior representation of both of the war and Navy Departments and bush reporting directly to the president was able to cultivate Close Relationship