Stellar world class programs. There they are, on the screen. The school of historical, philosophical and religious studies. Quite a mouthful. We call it shippers. Also, the center for political thought and leadership. Or ptl, another stellar program. If this lecture intrigues you, you should check out our center. We are doing big things. Finally, if you are interested in learning more about yours truly, www. Professorbarth. Com. You can read about me on that website. A generation of politicians has passed. Alexander hamilton died in a dual in 1804. James madison pictured there on the right, retired from politics and dies in 1836. John adams andthomas jefferson die on the same day, july 4, 1826. 50 years to the day of the signing of the declaration of independence. Pretty incredible. You cant make Something Like that up. America is changing. A market revolution is sweeping the young republic. Mass commercialization. Profitmaking. New opportunities for investment. Inventions. Entrepreneurship. A burst in the population. Look at that explosion from one million in 1750 to 13 million by 1830. This is a young population. Average age about 17 years old. Aggressive, energetic, highly individualistic. Oftentimes reckless. Factories have sprouted up all across the north, especially new england, producing textiles and other manufactured goods. Outside of the cities, and agricultural goods. Wheat exports. In the south, a new plant cotton. It creates that soft, and arable textile durable textile. Spreading all throughout the south, intrenching that slave system deeper and deeper. In the south, cotton takes off. If youre going to have textiles, youre going to have cotton, if youre gonna have wheat, you need transportation. You have roads being built, turnpikes connecting rural markets to waterways and to add line tick port cities. Steamboats by the 18 twenties and thirties, tracking up and down the mississippi river. Canals, canal media, built all across the country, the most famous being that erie canal, completed in 1825, connecting the hudson river to lake erie. What an accomplishment that is. If you have canals, plantations and factories, you need credit. Here, to we have lots and lots of credit. Bakes sprouting up all across the u. S. From three begs in 1790 to several hundred banks by the 18 twenties. Banks are chartered by the states. We they stayed within that states boundaries, each one sharon currency. But sitting on top of those state banks is the mother bank. The chief bank, the central bank, the bank of the United States. This is the second bank of the United States from earlier this semester. There was a first bank of the United States in 1791. Alexander hamilton pushes through congress a bank of the United States. This bank, a private bank, with stockholders and dividends. This bank, hamilton says, will benefit not only financial, interests but will benefit the country, the public. How will it benefit the public . Because the u. S. Treasury will deposit money in the bank we. Money coming in from taxes, and the treasury can also borrow money from the bank. This bank is a 20 year charter, but it has lots of opponents. You remember that chief opponent, thomas jefferson. He hates the bake. The bank, jefferson believes is an institution that imperils american liberty by elevating to power a wealthy financial elite. A nonproductive elite. Jefferson opposes it. Jefferson comes to power in 1800. The charter expires in 1811. One year later, a war it erupts with britain. The National Government finds itself in tremendous fiscal straits. After the war was finished, five years later, the democratic republicans, the party of jefferson, charter a second bank of the United States. And the second bank, much like the first, also will have a 20 year charter. This charter will run out in 1836. And presumably, congress and the president in good faith will renew the charter. There you have it. Which there are bumps along the road, after the bank is chartered he will recall from the last lecture, the panic of 1819. Will it explode this massive bubble in western land speculation a bubble caused largely caused by the bank at all this new Bank Currency latte creates a bubble and then the burst. But the country recovers from the panic fairly quickly. And so the second bank of the United States survives that panic and goes into the 1820s with very little opposition. Most americans have come to accept the bank, the market revolution is fully underway. It is not just the economy that is changing. It is the political arena that is changing. Two new Political Part the wigs and the democrats. Talking. Its who were these wigs and where these democrats . Representing new england for the whigs, Daniel Webster, a lawyer for massachusetts. One of the most brilliant orators in u. S. Congressional history. Quite an impressive figure. We also have from massachusetts John Quincy Adams, son of the second president of the United States. He too is a whig. Most famously we have henry clay from the state of kentucky. Clay ends up running for president five times. Just cant get it. Cant seem to do it. But nonetheless, henry clay is one of the most important political figures in american history. What does clay do . Clay has a program, a system, an american system. That american system is threefold. Henry clay says first, we need to have protective tariffs on american manufacturing. Sure enough, henry clay, when he becomes secretary of state under John Quincy Adams, adams signs into law a new tariff, the tariff of 1828, raising the tariff from 25 to 45 . That is one heck of a tariff. 45 . Why do they do that . To protect american manufacturers and textile goods. Clay also says we need federally funded internal improvements. Using federal dollars to finance the building of roads, canals, bridges, and so forth. And then finally, clay says, we need to recharter the bank of the United States. Unlike hamilton, however, clay frames his defense of the bank of the United States in common man rhetoric. Hamilton says the bank is good for financial interests. Clay says the bank is good for farmers, the bank is good for mechanics, for manufacturers. The bank is good for the country as a whole. We need to be charter this bank. There is the wig Party Platform whig Party Platform. The whigs support utilizing the powers of the federal government to stimulate economic activity, and they adopt a broad interpretation of the constitution. The federal government they say does have the right to engage in this activity. Most of the whigs are going to come from new england. Because of the tariff . Right but also from the west. This is what distinguished clay from hamilton. Hamilton makes no appeals to the west. Clay is from the west. He hopes the internal improvements will get western votes. But they have opposition. There is that Democratic Party. The democrats oppose the american system. The democrats adopt a strict interpretation of the constitution, a very limited view of the federal governments powers. Wealthy plantation owners in the south but also to common ordinary people, to wagers, to workingclass laborers in places like new york. New york definitely a hotbed for democratic activity. The south and the west. In new york, you have martin van buren, a democrat. Later president of the United States. He later leaves the Democratic Party and joins the antislavery free soil party. We will get to that in a future lecture. Representing the south for the democrats, we have another legendary figure john c calhoun. Calhoun, a rabid defender of slavery. But also a rabid opponent of the tariff. He hates the tariff so much, in fact, that calhoun calls the tariff of 1828 the tariff of abominations. He says it discriminates against the south. Sure enough, that same year, calhoun offers in secret and he does it in secret because he is Vice President of the United States calhoun authors in secret nsa advocating an nullification the idea that the states can make nolan void any law any federal law they view as unconstitutional. From the west, we have Andrew Jackson. There he is. No man. Probably the most colorful president in United States history. I say probably i think we can state almost objectively the most colorful president in u. S. History. A giant of a figure. He stood at 61. That is very tall for that day and age. Six foot one skinny. Bushy eyebrows. Hair brushed high above a very large forehead, with piercing blue eyes. Jackson was a hot tempered man. He was a bit stubborn. Oftentimes a bit bullheaded. He had strong convictions. He knew when he was opposed to something, he stood up to that system. He has a few nicknames as well. He went by the name old hickor y. Tough as old hickory wood. His second nickname you wont believe this sharp knife. Who has a nickname like sharp knife . Sharp knife . So whats Andrew Jacksons story . Jackson was born in 1767 in north carolina. His parents died at a very early age. He was an orphan. No parental restraints. As a young boy, he got into brawls and fights. He was not all that interested in learning or reading. Jackson was nine years old at the time of the american revolution. Well see young andy right there in the middle nine years old at age 13, he joined a militia as a messenger. At one point, he ran into a british officer. The british officer told him to clean his boots. Young jackson said he would not clean the boots. The officer took his sword and slashed young andy, leaving a permanent scar on his left hand and the left side of his head. Jackson went on to help found the state of tennessee. Got married in 1806. Someone insulted his wife, he challenge the man to a dual and shot him duel and shot him. The only president in history who is ever killed a man. Thats Andrew Jackson sharp. Knife Andrew Jackson joins the military. He fights the creek indians in 1814. Fights the seminole indians in 1817. That in 1815 he earns his fame through the battle of new orleans. This spectacular victory against the british, even though you may remember the war was already over. That does not seem to matter. This elevates Andrew Jackson to celebrity status. That is indeed what jackson is a celebrity. He has some political experience, served about two years in the senate. That is all. He is also very wealthy. There is a plantation, the hermitage. The hermitage starts out in 1804, jackson has nine slaves. By the 1830s, he has well over 100 slaves, and slaves are very expensive. Most Common People cannot afford any at all. He has over 100, he is a very very wealthy man very welltodo. Jackson enters the senate in 1823. In 1824, he runs for the presidency, a fourway race between jackson, adams, William Crawford and henry clay. Jackson wins the popular vote 42 , jackson also wins the most electoral votes. But jackson does not win a majority of electoral votes. The contest goes to the house of representatives. Henry clay, speaker of the house. Henry clay cannot stand and you jackson, his rival in the west. Henry clay strikes a deal with John Quincy Adams and says tell you what, i will get the votes you need in the house of representatives if you make me secretary of state. The deal is made, adams wins in the house of representatives, becomes president. Clay is elevated to secretary of state. Andrew jackson is furious . He says corrupt bargain, rigged election. He says he will get his revenge. 1828, 2 men contest. Jackson wins in a landslide. Look at that electoral map. Quite an impressive victory. Landslide victory. How does he do it . The answer is simple democracy. Jackson benefits from universal male suffrage. We call this period jacksonian democracy property qualifications for all free men in the United States are eliminated. No property is required to vote. Double the number of voters in 1828 then he saw in 1824. Jackson uses this to his advantage and wages a Political Campaign that utilizes a form of politics we call populism. Populism is a political term that has come up quite a bit in the last few years. What is populism . Populism is not an ideology per se. You can find populism on the left, you can find populism on the right. Populism is a style of politics. A style of politics that speaks to the interests, to the hopes, to the fears of common, ordinary people. Populists tend to pit the people versus the elites. The people versus the establishment. Populists tend to warn of nefarious forces in positions of power. Weather those positions of power are in government or the corporate world to nefarious forces. The carrot on top cherry on top populous often have charismatic personality. Often with populism, you will see populists emerge who uses the sheer force of personality to rally people around them, and to use that charisma to attack what he claims to attack corrupt entrenched interests. That is what populism is. Andrew jackson is a populist. Inaugurated into the presidency in 1829. In celebration of his presidency, he throws a party. Opens up the white house lawn to the public. Hundreds of people from around the country pour in to the white house lawn. Everyday americans shopkeepers common every day americans sleeping on hotel room floors and in all ways. Hallways. They pack in on the white house lawn. A spiked punch bowl, and whiskey is being passed around. Its one heck of the party and jackson is stoked. The people are ready for jackson. And as you can imagine these guys dont like it one little bit. They look at what is going on and it disgusts them. Can you think what Daniel Webster thought of Something Like this . Jackson is ready. Was the country ready for jackson . This is the real question. What is this man going to do . There is no telling. He is a loose cannon. What is going to happen . Henry clay says all right, we lost that election, that is fine. Im going to push through my american system. He begins with internal improvements. Clay says, we need a road. We have all these farmers from my home state of kentucky, we need a road that stretches from lexington, kentucky, to maze ville, kentucky, right there along the ohio river. And i want to use federal dollars to build that road. The bill goes on. It arrives on jacksons desk after it flies through congress. Jackson responds and vetoes the bill. One of the first famous vetoes in president ial history. Clay was very upset. This was just the beginning. Clay says he vetoed my internal improvements bill, lets try another plank of the american system. Lets try a new tariff. The tariff of 1832. This is a strange tariff. It seems to contradict clays program. The tariff of 1832 lowers the tariff from 45 to 35 . Why does clay do this . You will recall that tariff of abominations in 1828. South carolina and other states in the south are very angry about this. Clay fears that maybe 45 is pushing it too much. They say lets lower it a little bit. High enough to soften some of the opposition. The bill arrives on Andrew Jacksons desk. President jackson signs the bill. All sounds good. South carolina is not so pleased with this bill. South carolina nullifies the tariff of 1832. Why would they do this . It was a tariff. South carolina says not enough. This tariff is unconstitutional. We have a right to declare this tariff null and void. If you do not accept our notification of this tariff, we will secede from the United States. Unbelievable. What is Andrew Jackson going to do . Calhoun is a democrat. Jackson gets word of this, and jackson could not be more furious with john c calhoun. For jackson, this is an affront to his authority as president. Jackson signed the bill. Jackson says to say that any state may at pleasure secede from the union is to say that the United States is not a nation. Jackson asks congress to pass a force bill. This bill would permit the president to send 50,000 u. S. Troops into South Carolina. Jackson prepares the u. S. Navy. The u. S. Navy now off the coast of South Carolina. He is ready to invade the state of South Carolina. What is going to happen . The nullification crisis. We are on the brink of civil war over a tariff. Who wouldve thought . Henry clay at the last moment, desperate, passes a compromised tariff. In the midst of this crisis, a compromised tariff that lowers the tariff gradually over a 10 year period. By the end of ten years, and stages that tariff will only be 25 . Between this compromised tariff and between jacksons forced bill, South Carolina backs off and accepts the tariff. Calhoun does not like jackson. Probably does not like jackson anymore than henry clay does. South carolina backs off. Jackson called their bluff. Just to prove a point, the South Carolina legislature nullified the force bill. Jackson said whatever. Go ahead and do that. Henry clay. He looks at jackson and says, i never thought i would say this, but thank you. Jackson goes ok oh clay, im not done. what you mean youre not done . Jackson says there is one other thing the bank. Clay says its funny jackson mentions that, because i was thinking that would we would just recharter this bank early. Why not . We dont need to wait to the last moment. Its 1832, lets get going, lets recharter this bank. You are on board with that, right mr. President . Jackson says, well not only am i not on board mr. Clay, but i am ready to wage war against this bank of the United States. And