They created the vice presidency for two reasons, in case the president died, resigned or was incapacitated, summary can step in. That was not clarified and was indeed, controversial until the 1840s. The second reason, potentially was because of the Electoral College structure. About thew anything Electoral College, you know that one of the rules of the original design was that Electoral College electorate vote for two people. They have to be from two different states. The way it worked was that you votes perwo boats president. They had to come from two different states. The founders did that because they thought that at some level or some point, they would vote for somebody from their own state. That second vote was there to force people to vote for somebody else from another state to try to run in the region and get summary from the national reputation. Then they used those two votes to get a first and second place winner. Otherwise, it was just a placeholder. Carlisle, infessor the 1800s, things got a little bit more complicated. Can you swing with the 12 amendment is . Professor carlisle the 12 carlisle professor the 12 amendment . I did not know we would be talking about that today. I cannot. I can. It changed the Electoral College structure. Or to the election of the of 1800, whoever got the most votes became the president. Wherever the secondmost came Vice President. Thomas jefferson and ehrenberg burr got the same amount of votes. Burr were trying to put him passed differs in. That became the 12 amendment. I see your picture showing up. Just jumping off of the radio to join us. Welcome. Great to be with you. I ran from the first floor to the fifth floor. Great to be with everyone. I already learned something from james. We are off to a good start. Jennifer we are talking about the evolution of the vice presidency and how things shifted. Historical fun facts that you want to throw into the discussion . The originallisle job was to preside over the senate. Were there original job was to preside over the senate. There were some that did not enjoy sitting there while the members of the Senate Debated over things. It became more of a ceremonial role and they pass that off. I have been saying for years that for both the democrats and the republicans, they really wanted to move an agenda if they really wanted to move an agenda, they should have the Vice President go sit in the senate and have all and demand that the senators all be all day longate and vote in front of the American People. Jennifer you talked about ceremonial positions. Was the vicell president under Woodrow Wilson and he said once there were two brothers. One ran away to see and one was elected ran away to sea and one was elected to be Vice President of the United States and neither was ever heard from again. Thater Vice President said job of the Vice President was to go to weddings and funerals. Seeessor carlisle, do you the Vice President as ceremonial . Do they have more heft in governing today . What are those specific duties that are laid out for the Vice President right now . Boyd mentioned the president of the senate. What is in the Vice President s column right now . Professor carlisle we have seen the historical vision of the Vice President involved because over thetations executive branch does the president comes in with his or her own agenda. They come in with a list of policies and the expectation by to American People it was have a hefty role in policymaking. Presidencye vice also took a greater role. Saw wast handoff we with al gore and clinton. Gore a wide al variety of responsibility. Probably more than a lot of historical Vice President. Outee that carried throughout subsequent presidencies. There has been a lot of speculation that with the age of the current candidate, the Vice President will have exceeding importance because of their advanced age. Typically, the role of the Vice President is to do a lot of fundraising for the ticket. That is still pretty prevalent. Certainly, the role in al gore was handed the environment as one of his policy areas. That followthrough with subsequent presidencies. D mentioned the role as the president of the senate. View the Vice President ial relationship to the senate . When does the role of the Senate President really come into play . It is really only a relevant bill under specified circumstances. One of which is the constitution. The Vice President is allowed to vote to break ties in the senate. Situations where you have a tightly controlled senate or perhaps, the president s party having just enough seats for majority. The george w. Bush administration, there was a 5050 tie. Dick cheney spent a lot of time casting deciding votes. Republicans had very narrow set of majorities during the time. Things like the Nuclear Option which have been used to lower end of debate thresholds in the senate on nominees. You bring the Vice President into preside over that motion because it makes the whole process a little bit smoother. It has become a fairly rare thing. President does not have to spend time hanging around the senate chamber. They just have to make sure that they schedule everything so that he can be there. Jennifer we talked a little bit about the Vice President as a policymaker. H that persons own agenda they are still second fiddle to the person on top, running as president. I imagine somebody that is Strong Enough to stand on their own, rally the troops and raise money, do some stuff to take a backseat when it is completely appropriate, can you talk about the strategy of picking a running mate and geography . Most important things that people look at they have to look at those who might accept the role of Vice President. They have to recognize that there is only one name on the door when it goes into the oval office. They do have to be subservient that way. They have to check your ego at the door. There has been a lot of good done by Vice President over the years in terms of a lot of the negotiating and even a little armtwisting in terms of getting policy agendas through. Anddo have to have art science. It is a delicate dance between having someone who adds value a president who has a Vice President who is just going to go along to get along is useless. They need someone to press against and to even expand and look around the corner. The thing that the president inside the Oval Office May not be stating. That is a critical thing to keep in mind. Geography tends to play in there as well. Of kennedy needing some help with taxes. That was a significant play there. It doesnt really amount to much. There have not been very many great first president ial Vice President ial debates. There have been some all right ones but none of them move the needle. Knew jack kennedy and he was no jack kennedy. Even though it might have been aligned for the ages, they still lost. An interesting thing in terms of geography. How impactful it is, that is presuspect. Professor carlisle, look at the two Vice President ial we will be hearing from this week. What do each of them bring to the ticket . Professor carlisle 10 springs experience. He has had a long career in politics. There is that experience. Probably a little less on the national stage. Experience in public service. Harris, one of the most important factors was her gender and her race and ethnicity. She is a woman of color. This adds a particularly novel dynamic to the vice presidency. Hopefully for the democrats, and will mobilize women people of color. Not only winning but people of color. She brings used youth to the ticket. Jennifer lets talk about the gender issue. Kamala harris was the third aman to be part of president ial ticket. In the past, when women i assume part of the appeal was to appeal to those women voters out there. Did it work in the previous two instances . We could carlisle talk about geraldine ferraro. Attracted anyshe more to the ticket. There senator palin was some controversy about her personality and characteristics and knowledge and experience. Clinton did not win the nomination for the democrats, it was thought that Democratic Women might jump over and support that is not the case. We dont see that women automatically support women. There are other things like party, identification that come into play. There are also issues that come into play. But i think one of the interesting things about this election is in particular, the women that came out in 2018, against trump, they really lead that blue wave. He has been characterized by many as sexist and misogynist. It really mobilized women in a different way. I think there is a possibility that women are still really motivated to turn out. Maybe it will get people off the bench and into the polls. But whether it will attract women from the right, that is hard to say. Curry, doprofessor you want to jump in . Professor curry just to say that Kamala Harriss selection really fits in with who president s select with their Vice President. It talks about who the president select to be the Vice President. Historically, it has largely been about balancing the ticket, especially with geography in mind. But that was true for most of American History through the 1960s. Through that period, Vice President were not selected by the president s themselves but by the Party Leaders. The conventions would meet, they ,ould select a president sometimes after multiple ballots because there was no clear frontrunner. Then the Party Leaders would say who needs to go along with this person in order to keep our Party Unified . Party, that meant they would nominate a northerner to run for president and then they would give them a southerner for their Vice President ial nominee. ,hen there would be balance more often they would have the traditional moderate versus the to keep them vp happy. It has only been since jimmy carter that the Vice President ial selection has something to do with him or herself. Jimmy carter decided who he wanted decided that he wanted to play the leading will in deciding who the vp was. He wanted somebody he could work with. Water was someone that was a good personal fit for jimmy carter. Going forward, it has been about those things going together. You want someone that reflect part of the party that the nominee does not reflect and you want someone who can work well with the president. You see this clearly with harris. Joe biden is an older white man. In a time where we spent the entire democratic nomination talking about how the Democratic Party is too old, male and white. She is also a senator that is and that is something that is near and dear to joe bidens heart. Go aboutow you should policymaking in washington to him. Joe biden selected a female, nonwhite senator to be his running mate the same way that donald trump shows mike pence who is in a lot of ways, his opposite and has the opposite strength. An evangelical christian who identifies very strongly as an evangelical christian. It can be that sort of out of reach to that part of the party that donald trump did not reflect very well. Long, deep ties in washington and the washington policymaking community. His verylater through close relationship with paul ryan. See how present this mixture is for the Party Coalition and what is good for me. Jennifer you certainly have something to say on this. Mattere vp pick really on election day . It does not seem to sway votes. What is the significance of this . Historically, i dont know that it has ever determined the outcome of an election. It does not seem to have that kind of sway. I think this year might be a Tipping Point in that. As was mentioned by professor carlisle. With the age of both of the top of the ticket members in joe biden and President Trump, both being 73 plus. Also, with the recent health of the president , that these two nominees for Vice President are very relevant and very important in terms of stabilizing their political basis to make sure there is a steady hand at the helm and a positive influence, regardless of what the health of the president might be. They also need to demonstrate that they have a policy vision and agenda. It often becomes subservient to the president. I think voters think how do you make your decisions . One of the things we will see on wednesday is that you will see what principles guide them in terms of decisionmaking. Even speaking to senator harriss comments over the weekend. It is very clear that she understands that people are looking to her as a force on the ticket. She is not just there as a free pass or a filler. They actually have to be people who are going to motivate people to i dont know if we have to get off the bench. We just have to go to the Kitchen Table to cast about this year. Pencent Vice President will show that he is a policymaker, he has an agenda and he can get policy done. This will be these will be the most influential Vice President ial picks we will probably ever see. Carlisle, itfessor is interesting to look through the lens. Do you see this as a Natural Evolution . Do you think the future of the vice presidency will change fundamentally because of what we are seeing in 2020 . Havessor carlisle we started on that trajectory. We certainly see an increased role with what the Vice President does. But i think that also, one of the things to think about is that the executive branch is probably one of the most masculine branches in the government. Not a lot of women have made it to these upper echelons of government, the cabinet positions, certainly that has evolved a little bit. We have seen increasing numbers of women in these interior cabinet positions. The secretary of state, for example. I think so. And we think about the role of women, there are a couple of caveats. And we think about the role of womenand the fact that dominating inly law school and Business School theirtes, this leads to pipeline into office. We have more women in these professions as a springboard into office. And even higher levels of office. Too, the choices of women work outside the home, even when they have children is becoming increasingly the norm. I think those sort of rolls are accepted more. Still, it is a very masculine office. There are some gendered expectations about what a lot of these positions should be like. Another thing that is worth mentioning is that during the pandemic, you have seen that workforce atft the significantly higher rates than men. Women of color as well. What people are suggesting is that despite all these gains that women have made in the professional world, jobs, livelihood, careers and really paving ways, that this will set women back. Women are shouldered with the double burden of taking care of their Young Children without daycare or school options. Often times because they make less than a man, their jobs are seen as more willing to be sacrificed. One parent has to stay home. The lower wage will. Does in a long run for politics, we can say but it is serious to see what curious to see what will happen down the road. Are we going to lose a generation of high achieving women that can springboard into these higher levels of government . Is an interesting perspective. We have a lot of questions coming in from our students already. How do president ial tickets reconcile differences in political ideology . Are there examples of history when the vp and the president disagree to us to an extreme level . Do you have examples where dichotomy of ideologies and how that plays out . Professor curry there usually is. Lies president ial and president ial nominees were fromted because they came different sections of their party. The way that we talk about the party as more unified than in the past, there are people that ringing parties with different interests and policy goals. Example wouldus be adams and jefferson. They were the leaders of opposing parties, that is an extreme is ample but you can think about a number of examples throughout American History where president s and Vice President s were in sharp disagreement. President johnson and Hubert Humphrey disagreed over the vietnam war. Clinton and gore had many lowprofile disagreements during their time in office. I have to imagine that obama and joe biden also disagreed about a number of things. The key is that the Vice President does not vocalize those things publicly. That theyo make sure are a team player. That if they have disagreements, they bring them up privately. Once the de