Africanamerican representation in the 20th century and have a lot of artifacts from the house collection that have to do with that and a lot of history to cover. And the last africanamerican sort of to be eleshgted in the 19th century leaves in 1901, george white of north carkarcar and a long time before another africanamerican comes into the house. Oscar depriest from illinois. We have a couple of really rare artifacts from Oscar Depriest from the 1920s and 30s. But before i launch into them, because i love them so much, matt, tell us a little bit about Oscar Depriest and how he got into congress. So theres a long period. Almost three decades after George Henry White leaves congress where theres no africanamericans who serve in either the house or the senate. And that has everything to do with the jim crow laws that go on the books in the south, and the way that that changes over time during those decades, theres a critical thing going on in the south where africanamericans begin to leave the south and move northward as part of a multidecade movement that would later be called the great migration. And that begins, oh, depending on which historian you talk to, 1890s, and runs really through world war ii. It picks up momentum around world war i. As theres a need in the north to fill industrial jobs and jobs that have been occupied by men who have now gone off to fight in the war. And you see tens of thousands of africanamericans moving northward for the first time, out of the rural south, out of agriculture jobs to industrial jobs in chicago, st. Louis, cleveland, pittsburgh, new york and over time the africanamerican population in those cities increases, and the africanamericans in those cities are gradually recruited by the political parties, and Oscar Depriest is a perfect example of that process. He actually is born in the south. He and his family are a part of a group called the exadusters who moved to the midwest to kansas. He actually goes to grade school and high school in salina, kansas, but finds his way to chicago in the 1890s and moves up through the political system. He becomes a chicago city councilman in the mid19teens and his career has some peaks and valleys but by the 1920s, hes part of the republican political machine in chicago as an alderman, a ward alderman, and in 1928, when the sitting congressman from chicago, a very powerful republican named power republican named Martin Madden is on the Appropriations Committee passes away midcongress in the fall elections de priest runs for the seat and he wins. To in 1929 he comes to the house of representatives. One of my favorite things about oscar de priests career is this little tiny button we have in the collection that is from his career. Its really small and it says de priest for congress with a picture of him and one of the things i love most about him, theyre very rare, there probably werent that most but very few survive. I think ive seen one other, two others in existence. If you think about this tiny little button worn on someones lapel looking for all the world like any other button this actually represents a revolution, the attempt to elect an africanamerican to congress for the first time in decades. So just this presence of this little inch and a quarter diameter piece in diameter would have been a real statement on the part of whoever was wearing it and i love that it has survived and that it has come back to the place that whoever owned this wanted de priest to end up which was the u. S. Congress. And when he got here he then found a lot of a lot that he was interested in, a lot that came to him that perhaps he didnt ask for in the way of how he was received, the issues he handled, all kinds of stuff like that. He does end up being sort of the surrogate representative for africanamericans in general, right . Absolutely. And it must have been an interesting shift for him because he had come up through the chicago political machine and while he had advocated for his constituency in chicago which was largely africanamerican, south side of chicago, you didnt get the sense that he really embraced this role as a representative of africanamericans generally until he comes to congress and a couple of things happened right off the bat almost immediately that really force him to take a very public role for africanamerican political rights. He is symbolically and, in fact, the first africanamerican to serve in a long time, but when he comes to congress there is a bit of a firestorm in the press. It was tradition for the first lady, in this case lu hoover, herbert hoovers wife, to have a tea for all the congressional wives, spouses, nowadays wed say but wives back in the late 1920s and that caused consternation because there were several Southern States that objected to the fact that the wives of their members of Congress Might actually have to have tea in the white house with an africanamerican woman. There were even Southern States that had their legislatures pass resolutions asking hoover to make sure that this didnt happen. What hoover did was to divide the tea party into a couple different sessions and the one that jesse de priest, oscars wife was invited torques was a very carefully pre selected small group of Congress Women who she knew wouldnt object. This got out there in the press and de priest, oscar de priest, just pillaried the Southern State legislatures that had spoken up. This was the first road block that he runs noochinto. Another one happens here in the house about where his office is located. Yes, people dont want their office to be next to him, members say i will not serve, you know, they dont want to be serving with an africanamerican, and when we were doing some research recently on the history of who had what office in the different house office buildings, in the Cannon House Office building, then just known as the house office building, it turned out that the place that oscar de priest was assigned was a bathroom and they ripped out the plumbing and just turned it into an office for him. One has to wonder did they choose that particular space to rip out and change for him because it could happen at the last minute and perhaps it would sidestep people objecting in advance because they wouldnt know, they wouldnt think that anybody was going to be next to them, this he thought just the bathroom was next door, but its definitely these things that sort of that bubble up from lots of primary Source Research that our offices do where we learn these stories behind the stories. One other episode happens late in de priests career when a staffer, essentially his chief of staff and a Family Member of the chief of staff are asked to leave the house restaurant and move to a segregated room where africanamericans could get lunch in an adjoining space. And de priest objected to this, unsurprisingly, and defended his secretary, his chief of staff. And went after the chairman of what was then called the accounts committee in the house, Lindsey Warren of North Carolina who had dictated that the restaurant needed to be segregated. And he comes on to the house floor and the press pays a lot of attention to this and his line essentially is if we cant have freedom if we cant have equality under the dome of the capitol then where in gods name are we going to get it . And the house creates a special committee to investigate segregation in the restaurant, but the issue dies in that committee and the restaurant remains segregated well into the 20th century. You know, its interesting because that kind of brings up for me thinking about not just the experience of africanamerican members in the 19th century and the early part of the 20th century but whats the experience of africanamerican staff there. And the restaurant is a really good example because in the 19th century the privilege and responsibility and job of running the house restaurant was given as a concession, was somebody could have almost like the franchise, i guess, of running that. And in the 1860s after the civil war is over that is awarded to a famous africanamerican restaurateur, georgetowning. He is up in newport, very famous, a caterer up there and he comes down to run that restaurant and his experience really is as someone who is a businessman operating in that space and in the reconstruction period there are some salient examples of africanamericans being sort of the pioneers of being on staff, and in the same way that the reconstruction period in africanamerican members is they are very few in number but they manage to sort of be in positions that have not been created for them, but the positions that do have some weight and purpose in the house. And some symbolic importance to the fact that these individuals were put in those positions. One of them was william smith, who was appointed the house librarian in the 1880s, its an appointed position, its one of the most prominent positions in the institution and he is at that point one of the highest ranking africanamericans in the federal government and he had been brought along slowly, he first came to the house and worked in the library during the civil war and he had been promoted by radical republicans, like senator sumner had helped push him along in his career. Another one who is appointed during reconstruction is the first africanamerican page to serve in the house on the floor. Alfred q. Powell of manchester, virginia, just south across the gyms from richmond and he is appointed by a member who is part of the reconstructed virginia government, he is a carpet bagger from the north, a former Union Officer and he serves in a district that represents richmond and its environs. He is appointed in 1871, we know he serves about a year and a half in the house and he is also the other connection there is that he is the great grand nephew of John Mercer Langston who was in washington at that point. I think he was serving as the dean or president of Howard University at the time and later hes going to be in congress himself, too. So there is the sort of network, there is this interesting kind of network of people who know other people and are able to move pieces around and make things happen. And then, you know, then we get from georgetowning in the 1860s running the house restaurant right up to the chief of staff for oscar de priest being refused service in the house. Oscar de priest later in his career he also takes on he champions these issues that need championing and arent necessarily specifically related to his constituency. He is a National Figure and another object we have in the house collection that relates to that is a program from a speech hes giving in dayton, ohio, very far from chicago. It doesnt even say what hes going to talk about, he is just sort of speaking and it happens at the local junior high school, there is a band and theres all kind of terrific hoohah around the whole thing. He is being presented as a statesman who is important to the Africanamerican Community nationally including in dayton. So towards the end of his career and probably im imagining earlier in his congressional career also is part of that whole notion of surrogate representation. The fact that youre representing people beyond the borders of your district or your state, you are a National Figure. Yeah. But then, you know, we dont really think of oscar de priest now that much as a National Figure, national history. Of course, we do, but many people dont, but theres some who sort of soon thereafter say in the late 1940s start to arrive who do become National Figures. Yeah, de priest leaves congress in 135, he is defeated for reelection actually by another africanamerican from chicago, who is a democrat, Arthur Mitchell and he is the first africanamerican elected as a democrat to congress and what you begin to see in that decade of the 1930s into the 1940s and he see it very clearly in this chicago district that de priest is from is that theres a shift in africanamerican allegiance away from the republican party, the party of lincoln, the party of reconstruction, to the Democratic Party during the new deal. And part of that is it has to do with the fact that africanamericans are recruited by democratic city leaders, there is the promise of greater political participation, which is that promise that pulled africanamericans out of the south during the great migration to begin with. And also the fact that there is they have a slightly greater voice in that new Deal Coalition that Franklin Roosevelt puts together. So they begin to be drawn towards the Democratic Party. Mitchell is the embodiment of that. Mitchell, however, is completely the opposite of de priest, he chooses not to be a surrogate representative. He down plays the fact that hes an africanamerican in congress. He doesnt want to push blackish use, per se, as he told the press on numerous occasions. He serves for a couple terms and is replaced by another member named William Dawson who is one of the longest serving africanamericans in house history. Dawson, again, another individual who started off as a republican and moved to the Democratic Party in chicago and he is important because by the late 1940s he chairs the committee that will become what we now call it oversight and government reform, it was Government Operations back in the 1940s, and he chairs that Committee Really with the exception of a single term for the rest of his career. So for two decades. But he is another member who comes into the institution and unlike de priest who challenges things frontally he feels like he can make changes by fitting into the institution and trying to effect change from his position of power as a Committee Chairman. And, you know, one of the interesting things about him is that in addition to being Committee Chair and sort of being part of that institutional approach to things, he then has a portrait of himself as many Committee Chairmen did created and its one of the first portraits of an africanamerican in the u. S. Congress, which really raises it to a very elevated place in our estimation. William dawsons portrait its the first africanamerican Committee Chairman portrait in the house collection and he is the first africanamerican Committee Chair of a Standing Committee of the house. Its a wonderful portrait in that it really represents him as the embodiment of a Committee Chair. Its not one where there are lots of sort of other elements in there to give you clues to who he is, its really about the stature of the man. Hes standing alone, hes standing in a very conservative blue suit, he looks like a member of congress and thats something thats really important. That part of this is part of his approach and many peoples approach to working in congress as members is to be part of this Important Institution and he uses that and becomes an incredibly longserving Committee Chair. So William Dawson as chairman of Government Operations was a member who had a legislative style that was very much a workhorse style, he was behind the scenes, he didnt want to be in the media, very quiet. Determined, but very low key. He contrasts his style of legislating contrasts markedly with the fellow who is here, represented here in these objects. Well, this is a wonderful book we have by Adam Clayton Powell one of my favorite members of congress, this was published marching blacks its published right after he is elected in 1944 and begins to serve in 1945. He was definitely a man ready with a program for progress and is ready to tell you all about it. He was the pastor of an sinnian Baptist Church in harlem, represented a harlem district and he serves a very long time in congress, this is from the beginning of his congressional career. This later moving from the paper form to wax is a recording he made called keep the faith, baby its a series of speaking meditations on a number of different issues and these really sort of book end his career, which is very long, and he is no William Dawson, he has a very different approach at how to do things. All human beings, black and white, rich and poor, equal in the site of god, keep your faith in the life of your fellow man even though he abuses you. When he abuses you he makes himself a lesser man. Great man once said love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you and pray, pray, pray, pray, pray for them which they use you. Keep your faith. Up through the 1970s powell was the person who kind of embodied civil rights in the house, right . Civil rights in congress. He is elected in 1944, he and dawson are the only two members of congress for a number of congresses until the early 1950s and two very contrasting styles whereas dawson is very behind the scenes, powell is out front talking to the media pushing against segregation practices in the house restaurant, in the press galleries in terms of accreditation of africanamerican reporters. Hes constantly pushing the envelope, theres a great story that we have covered in our book black americans in congress where sam rayburn the revered longtime speaker of the house from texas has a conversation with powell when he first comes in and the gist of it is freshmen listen quietly and learn and dont go causing a ruckus. You can imagine powell, this new yorker from harlem listening to this texan from bonham, texas, explain to him the ways of the house and powell looked at him and said, mr. Speaker, i have a bomb in both hands and im ready to hurl them. But he had a great relationship with rayburn, according to rayburns account afterwards and but he is constantly pressing the envelope in the house. He gets on to the education and labor committee, very influential committee, particularly by the 1960s when we go through a reform period during the kennedy and johnson administrations and particularly at the start of the Great Society with lyndon johnson, he is chairman of the committee and it pushes through 50 different measures related to education reforms. So a very substantive legislator in addition to being having a show horse kind of style. Very flamboyant. One of the things that i think is interesting about him is that that is those two aspects because theres a part where he is known as mr. Civil rights and hes very willing to hes very willing to champion civil rights on all levels, both legislatively and sort of the life of the house. I remember you telling me once about even something as as seemingly minor as sitting in the House Chamber and where you sit in the House Chamber, that, too, came up for him. Theres another story that one of his biographers tells. So seating in the House Chamber is open as long as you respect the party block tradition, democrats, the speakers to the right, republicans to the speakers left, when powell came in there was a prominent southern member who told the press and this man was a chairman of a committee, he said, im i refuse to sit next to a black man on the house floor. So what powell did was follow him around for a day on the floor, this very Senior Member, and take a seat next to him anytime he sat down and forced this very Senior Member to move around the chamber, which a lot of people took note of, including the press. Afterwards powell told a reporter, he said, you know, im a baptist minister by training and i dont know whether to baptize that man or drown him. So powell had a good sense of humor. He serves for, oh, boy, to the early 1970s so he is one of the longer serving africanamericans in house history. You have to remember when powell came into congress in the mid 1940s there was no large Civil Rights Movement that was happening outside of congress, there was nothing happening, and that doesnt come along until the 1950s with Martin Luther king and the southern christian leadership conference. So powell is very much the face of civil rights in the u. S. For more than a decade. But then once that movement begins happening outside of congress, as one of his biographers has told us, he begins to compete with it a little bit because he is no longer the face of civil rights. Over time his attendance, his behavior becomes a little bit more erratic. The house actually in the late 1960s refuses to seat him, the Supreme Court rules that he is, in fact, entitled to be seated, but by the late 1960s he has kind of run the course of his career and leaves the house in the early 1970s. And in some cases we see that in the artifacts we have in the house collection. In the case of this late artifact from 1967, keep the faith, baby, this recording in which he is hes really sort of he is speaking over the heads of congress and directly to the people very much by producing this. He is a great or ator, he was a terrific preacher and if you ever see a film clip of him preaching its really quite something. He releases this on jubilee records as a way hes inserting himself into the conversation. We have two artifacts in the collection that are similar in style and usage, but the small differences in them really show up a change in africanamericans serving in congress, but over just a 15year period from the late 50s to the mid 70s. So the late 50s object is a fan and its called the nations negro congressman and was clearly printed in many large numbers and was passed out for free. In the late 50s it contains a big picture of the capitol and four members of the congress, the four africanamerican members of congress who served at that time, all in the house. And then if you jump forward to the mid 70s instead of four members of congress and a big old picture of the capitol, its gotten so crowded there that theyve eliminated that, language was changed, now instead of the nations negro congressman its black lawmakers in congress and there are over a dozen members there. And it really shows a kind of before and after of a particular time in American History and congressional history. It kind of really covers sort of the 60s and they very early 70s and the changes that happened for africanamericans in congress. Right. The big change that happens in the middle of that period is the passage of the Voting Rights act in 1965, extending protections to africanamerican voters in the south, allowing them to register. And that has some pretty big implications for quite literally changing the face for congress over the course of the next decade. In 1965 there were just six africanamericans serving in congress, all in the house. By the mid 1970s that number has grown to 18 members and its over time its an increasingly diverse lot, we get our first africanamerican woman, Shirley Chisholm in 1969 but more specifically to the Voting Rights act which protects voters in districts where they had a hard time registering previously because of local laws and state laws and disenfranchisement we had the First Southern members elected since reconstruction. Andrew young from georgia and Barbara Jordan from texas. As the numbers of africanamericans in congress increase, one thing that this allows that core group to do is to create an issues caucus. So in 1971 we had the formation of the Congressional Black Caucus which is a group of roughly a dozen members at that point, but its able to exercise some power as a voting block and as a an organization which educates members on issues that are important to the black community nationally. So the black caucus becomes involved we early on in things like opposing apartheid in south africa, Building Momentum to that is a federal holiday to commemorate Martin Luther kings birthday. Its operating at a legislative level but inside the institution, too, its important to africanamerican members because its doing things like getting them on to bigger and Better Committees and into positions where they can influence a broad range of legislation. One of my favorite parts of the house collection are campaign buttons, especially as they relate to africanamerican lawmakers. We have some from the very early period, in the early 20th century for oscar de priest, for example, and then moving forward as the number of members of congress grows and grows, africanamerican members are represented more and more by a variety and number of buttons. Some of my favorites are for ron dellums because he is a fascinating member from the west coast who comes in as everyone does brand spanking new and ultimately comes to chair a committee of the house. In fact, we have a button right here, ron dellums, our congressman, so clearly this is from a Reelection Campaign of his. At that point he had already begun some of the most interesting things he was doing and the ways that he operated within the house, right . Yeah, dellums is elected to congress in the 1970s election, comes into the house in 1971, he is a veteran, he had run on an antiwar movement, running against the war in vietnam, he represents berkeley, california, which has a strong antiwar constituency and he wants to get on committees where he can begin to effect military policy. So he begins to lobby to get on to the Armed Services committee. He is also a cofounder of the Congressional Black Caucus in 1971 and he uses the caucus to help move into a position where he can get on Armed Services and one of the stories that he told us in an oral history interview was going to speaker of the house carl albert and appealing to speaker albert to put him on Armed Services. And this was in effect going around the Committee Chairman who was a southern dixiecrat from louisiana. He went in to make this pitch with his fellow Congressional Black Caucus colleagues, louie stokes and bill clay, with clay playing bad cop and stokes playing good cop and dellums trying to weedel his way into the committee. Walked into the meeting, carl albert said weve got all of the members of the cbc, you know, on various committees but we couldnt do anything for ron. So thats when we started to talk. And i looked at lou stokes, mr. Speaker, its a matter of principle, you know. Nudged bill clay. And if you dont put the brother on the committee were going to denounce this as a racist institution and were going to call a press conference. So youve got the nice guy going this is a matter of principle, ron dellums knows these issues, bill clay is saying its about fairness and justice, right . So at a certain point carl albert got up and he said, im going to see if i can get this thing reconsidered. At that moment i knew i had ron. So we walk out and i said, its over. Lou said, do you really think so . I said the fact that the speaker said they were going to reconsider it, its done. Okay . An hour and a half later i get this phone call, im the first africanamerican appointed to the house Armed Services committee. Incredible thing. So dellums gets on to the committee, finds out from speaker albert that hes got the assignment, but thats only half the battle because he shows up on the day the committee is being organized and realizes there is just one seat thats been put out for him at the dais and that seat is going to have to be shared with Pat Schroeder another antiwar candidate who had come into congress in that session. First day we organized Pat Schroeder who had just won as a freshman was on Armed Services. The two of us are at the bottom of the rung, but theres only one chair available at the committee table. Nobody wanted they didnt want another seat there, okay . It was just one seat. And i looked at Pat Schroeder and i introduced myself, i said my name is ron dellums, im a california. She said, i know. Im honored to be here with you. My grandmother taught me not to let people make fun of you cheaply. If its okay with you, its cool with me, why dont you and i sit in this seat sidebyside together as if its the most normal thing in the world. And she said, cool. So ron dellums and Pat Schroeder sat on this one thing for the entire organizational meeting and we never acted as if even though we wanted to scream, he said, no, we just let our silence and our behavior handle it. And they didnt know what to do because we didnt scream. So there was no so the next time the two seats were there, we made our point and we moved on. Dellums service on that committee reflects a wider period of reform in the house where the power of Committee Chairs is rolled back and junior members and a diversity of members, africanamericans and women, get bigger and Better Committee assignments. And within a Congress Representative dellums is part of a group that helps remove that original chairman from the committee and put in another chairman. And eventually by the end of his career he chairs the Armed Services committee. So one of the other changes thats going on here is more africanamericans are elected to congress in the decades, the 1970s, 80s, 90s as we see for the first time women represented in that group. And the very first was Shirley Chisolm who was elected from a Brooklyn Center district in 1968, she comes into the house in 1969 and someone, again, who very much has kind of a show horse legislative style, she is out talking to the press, shes very much part of a feminist wave of Women Congress members, she serves alongside people like ella abzog from new york. She eventually serves on the house rules committee, which is a powerful committee in the house, but throughout her career is kind of a again, another person who is a symbolic or a surrogate representative, not just for africanamericans, but for women. And following her throughout the next four decades are roughly 40 africanamerican women who are elected to congress. Thats an impressive number when you look at that number relative to the number of africanamericans who have served in congress from the beginning, its a much larger percentage than, for example, caucasian women or Hispanic Women or asianamerican women. So, again, kind of the rising influence of women within that community and their role in congress. You know, one of the things thats interesting about looking at women in congress and africanamerican women in congress is seeing the role seeing the role on the National Stage. And we have a couple of artifacts here that really illustrate that. Here is a cover of ebony magazine from 1969, right when Shirley Chisolm first took office and she is on the cover and really it says new faces in congress, mrs. Shirley chisolm, first black woman on capitol hill. She, like many other members of congress, really become important National Figures, particularly in the africanamerican press. For example, right around the time when the Congressional Black Caucus is created, ebony magazine is able to put a lot of folks on the cover as that is created and it really becomes an important caucus, an important issuesbased group but each of these individual people become important in different ways to different communities. Yvonne burke is seen on the cover of jet twice, once in the 1960s when it said women who may become congresswoman and she does not become congresswoman in 1967 but a little bit later on she does is elected to congress and very much shows up on the covers of actually a lot of magazines as a face not just of black women this congress, but of women in congress and younger women in congress, shes the first woman in congress to have a baby while shes serving. She shows up on an ebony magazine cover sort of holding her little baby in something that probably the first time there had been such a cover of a lawmaker holding a brandnew lso becomes a National Figure in ways that are shown by these two buttons we have here in the collection, they dont say anything about Shirley Chisolm running for congress, do they . They are all about Shirley Chisolm running for president. Shirley chisolm, shirley is our girl for president , Shirley Chisolm for president to represent all americans. You can see the womans symbol around her face in the center of this reallyce in with a feminist agenda and that was something that very much was important to her and on the National Stage in the 1972 election she was very much putting together a very Interesting Group of people and if you look at film clips of her at the democratic convention, its really interesting to see her really really seasoned paul talking about her delegates and what shes going to do with them. Things like that. Theyre very skilled politicians who also become, as you say, show horse approaches to things. So when you see behind the scenes and in front of the scenes you really see a lot of action going on in the 70s. I stand before you today as a candidate for the democratic nomination for the presidency of the United States of america. When the Congressional Black Caucus is founded in the very early 70s one thing they do that really sort of is striking as something that brings them to more prominence than just yet another caucus in congress is that they really place themselves in a National Context and one example of that is this fantastic record album, its the first annual benefit concert for the Congressional Black Caucus and was held at the Capitol Center and featured such fantastic people as kool and the gang and Gladys Knight and the pips was very successful and was really part and parcel of the Congressional Black Caucus being a real power. Therefore thousands of objects in the house collection of art and artifacts and these are just a few of them, you can learn a lot more about them on our website which is history. House. Gov, but even more importantly than going to the website and finding out about stuff, the thing that i think is important is that these are all objects that really represent this incredibly long history of an incredibly long and Important Institution and each and every one of these from an object like ron dellums our congressman that is just text on a background to something that is far grader like a portrait or picture of Shirley Chisolm on the cover of a magazine, each of these is putting a little bit of a human face on the history of the house of representatives and it makes the Institution Just that much more accessible to call of us so that we can really get a sense of who were these people is this who are the people who represent us . Who counts in american democracy and what is our role in it, too . The history of africanamericans in congress is an important one for us to preserve and tell. It tells us really tells us a story of two different levels, one of them is the history of our institution and some of the dynamic people who have been a part of it, some of the unique personalities, and also how our institution evolved as africanamericans became part of that. And its in that perspective, too, that the other story thats being told here is the one of the africanamerican experience nationally post civil war from reconstruction to jim crow to the great migration to increased political participation during the mid 20th century Civil Rights Movement and the revolution that that brought. So its really telling two very important stories that the house is both affected by and also affects. So see more photographs, artwork and images of africanamericans in congress, visit history. House. Gov. The website is a collaborative project between the u. S. House of representatives Historians Office and the House Clerks Office of art and archives. Youre watching American History tv. Every weekend on cspan 3 explore our nations past. Cspan 3 created by americas Cable Television company as a Public Service and brought to you today by your television provide provider. Next, legal and tax historian ajay may ro tra discusses his book
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