Looking as carefully as is humanly and scientifically possible, we have put the state of mississippi into the Carter Carter column, and that is that. The electoral vote, by our calculations, 272 electoral votes to 153 so far for gerald ford, the opponent. Election 1976, day of decision. This is Richard Scanlon in washington. With me here today in our studios is professor Howard Penniman of georgetown university, mr. Stephen hess of the brookings institution. Today, we are going to try to discuss tuesdays bicentennial president ial election here in the United States. Not every last vote has even been counted now, though the provisional final totals are posted behind me, both in electoral and in popular votes for mr. Carter and for president ford. As you know, in this bicentennial president ial election, as in all of our elections in the long history of the republic, the actual winner is determined not by the millions of people who vote for but ratheror ford, by the 51 elections held in the states and district of columbia. Each state has assigned to it a number of Electoral College votes equal to its congressmen and senators combined. Alaska, thus has three, minnesota has 10, the big states even more. The combination of these electoral votes to a majority of 270 is what determines the winner. On wednesday morning very early, jimmy carter reached that 270 and a bit more, and was projected as the next president of the United States. He is now president elect carter. Today we want to talk about why he is president elect carter, why president ford did not make it in his campaign for a full term on his own in the white house. We are going to be joined in a sense this morning by a fourth participant, our map, red and green colors, light and dark to indicate how those 51 separate elections were decided in this country on tuesday. To tell you about that, my colleague professor penniman. If we look at the map now, the green colored states, the ones which went for carter, are predominantly here in the east, but as we move westward it is the red states that went for ford. What we will notice also is that in the Eastern States where the green colors are, the numbers in them are very large, for the most part. Top, and those are the number of electoral votes. New york, 41, ohio, 25. And down to this area of the south is macron area that has voted democratic in this election, but had been divided in the preceding elections. Years ago it was always democratic. But it began to break with the democrats in the 1960s and has stayed as a divided area until this time. Moving out west, what we have is the big farming area there in the midwest, and the west, and finally out to california with 45 electoral votes, and still further out the island of hawaii with four and alaska with three. The east went heavily for carter, the south also. The west went heavily for ford. I think, too, as we look at this map and see red and dark and light colors, we can see the relative value of carrying the east with its big states. When you get out into idaho and utah and wyoming and nevada, you have a great deal of land, but you do not have many people. And it is the people who count in this democracy, as in any. Only when you get out to the far west coast when you come into california do you have that huge block of 45 votes, which late, late Election Night it was determined would go for the president in his Reelection Campaign. As you look at the geography of that campaign, what you will see is that of the really big states just look at them with me. 45, 26 for mr. Ford. 25, 27, 26 for mr. Carter, 21, again, michigan for mr. Ford. They were pretty evenly divided and that is why weve got a close election. When you get those big states both in the quadrangle of the northeast and in california and texas, you get those big states going solidly one way or the other, you end up with a landslide, republican or democratic. But what we got on tuesday night was a fairly Even Division of those big states and the Electoral College count, which is reflected on these boards just behind me. I think it is important we stress this was a close election. Mr. Ford actually won more states than mr. Carter, as we have stressed. They have been small states, in terms of electoral votes. Out of some 80 Million People who went to the polls, there are less than 2 million votes separating the two candidates. Mr. Ford received 48 of the vote. Mr. Carter, 51 . Another 1 went for eugene mccarthy, an independent candidate. The question is then, in part, is there a clear mandate for the president who wins this narrowly . In fact, it is even narrower than those figures. Because of the Electoral College somem, you could work out formula in which only 5000 votes spread over two states would have made a difference. Some people say a president who has won by such a small amount may be more cautious, may not feel he has a clear mandate. Only time, of course, will tell. My own personal view the president no matter how closely they win the election, they operate as if 100 of the people voted for them. Yes, i think if you go back to John Kennedys election in 1960 when he won by 100,000, 125,000 votes, his view was that the mandate went with the oval office, it did not go with the size of the boat. I feel mr. Carter will feel he is there, just as mr. Nixon was there in 1968. Margin of whater , one third we have posted up here for mr. Carter. I dont think that there will be any problem on that. The generalization is very few people who run for president are timid. And these are not timid men, as they intend to rule and lead the country when they seek the job in the first place. I think this is certainly true. If you have got the pride and guts to run for president , you are not going to once get in the office and start biting your fingernails in frustration. You are going to say, look, the people put me here, as they did under our constitution by only a percent over half, and a very real sense here, but there they are. These big states, as i say, going 43 for mr. Carter with the margin. I think this is a useful point to make to friends overseas, some of whom are in parliamentary systems there are coalition governments, where there are not fixed elections, but a combination of opposition parties can bring down governments. This was a very close election, but mr. Carter is the president for four years and can be expected to act decisively , regardless of how close the election was. Yes, i think we could not emphasize this point enough, because there is not a tiny coalition which is going to be in theown by some cabal corridors of the congress. God willing, he will stay president during his full term. Whether he will be good or bad, we will be willing to make a judgment. At that will be up to the people to make a judgment in 1980. The size of his vote or absence of a mandate would affect him, i just do not believe it. With 51 , he has a good deal more than many a Political Party that forms an actual government, and i think he will go ahead with it. I suppose that there is one other thing should be said. He has the majority in both houses, democrats. It should also be said that the democrats in the house and senate are also elected separately and independently, and there may be times in the next four years when the president and congress will disagree, and he may indeed feel it necessary to veto the letters passed by the two houses. It is a system of separation of powers, and it is one therefore thehich, in spite of agreement at a party level in terms of policies which they may support or oppose, there sometimes be differences between may the white house and the government. Want to get back, if i can, to the anarchy of our party system in a moment. Right now, lets turn to some of the scenes of election day, tuesday, november 2, 1976, when the bicentennial of america was celebrated by the election of a new president. The first tuesday after the first monday in november is election day in United States , and like millions of other americans, the candidates themselves went to the polls. President ford voted in his home town grand rapids, michigan withre he and misses ford votes hoped by the end of the day would maintain him as president for a full term. Carter and his wife cast their ballots in georgia. As early returns started to come in, both candidates were optimistic. Although carter held an early lead, there were many votes yet to be counted and key states with a large number of electoral votes to be won. He feels ok. Right now, the president has not lost any state that we consider to be necessary for him to win the election. He is still optimistic he is going to win the election. It is really coming down to those eight big states, and the results in those big states have not been determined yet, except for new jersey, which the networks have declared for the president. But we still have pennsylvania, ohio, illinois, michigan, texas, and california to go. Obviously those states are going to determine the outcome, and the president is looking good in those states. A slight National Trend towards carter was becoming apparent, but neither candidate was filling a substantial majority in the key and does some of the states. Industrial states. Gerald ford and jimmy carter each knew to win the presidency they had to carry at least some of the heavilypopulated Eastern States, with large blocs of electoral votes. I think jimmy carter is going to win. We feel very good tonight. We have had no unpleasant surprises. We have had several very pleasant do you think this surprises. Election will have to go all the way to the california coast . Are you hoping to wrap it up earlier . We are hoping that by the time we reach well into midwest, we are looking well in michigan, well in illinois, pennsylvania, ohio. They can do it. 270 electoral votes would constitute a majority and indicate a victor. As the hours went by, jimmy carter got closer. How do you like the results so far . I love it. I love it. Is jimmy carter going to lose this election, miss lillian . Heck no. The best thing we had today was the large turnout. Regardless of who wins tonight , whether president ford is reelected, if jimmy carter is elected, the American People expressed themselves today and turned out in large numbers. I think that is the big story thus far today. We have been through this for the last couple of years, the fight between Big Government and you, the individual. And returning the country to the American People. This is what president ford is, the American People. [applause] John Chancellor of nbc news looks at the remaining states. And of those remaining, aside from california with 45 electoral votes, oregon has six, but carter is behind in oregon. South dakota has four, that is not enough. Maine has four, that is not enough. Mississippi has seven. That would be enough to put him over the top. And as of the moment, it is a very complicated and tight race in mississippi, jimmy carter is ahead. James earl carter of the state of georgia elected the next president of the United States. We base that on our projection that carter wins mississippi, seven electoral votes, which gives him the total of 272 electoral votes in this election. To repeat, looking as carefully as is humanly and scientifically possible, we have put the state of mississippi into the carter column, and that is that. [applause] thank you very much. Thank you, everybody. [applause] let me say just a word. Let me say just a word to you. [cheers and applause] this tremendous crowd at 4 00 in the morning represents hundreds of millions of American People who are now ready to see our nation unified, and i want to congratulate the toughest and most formidable opponent anyone could possibly have, president gerald ford. [applause] it is perfectly obvious that voice is not up to par and i should not be making very many comments, and i will not. Betty, mike, jack, steve, susan me gail to come down with and listen while eddie rose read a statement that i sent to governor carter. The president asked me to tell you that he telephoned president elect carter a short time ago and congratulated him on his victory. The president urges all americans to join him in giving your united support to president elect carter as he prepares to assume his new responsibilities. I would like to read you the telegram the president sent to president elect carter this morning. Dear, jimmy. It is apparent now that you have won our long and intense struggle for the presidency. I congratulate you on your victory. As one who has been honored to serve the people of this great land, both in congress and as president , i believe that we must now put divisions of the campaign behind us and unite the country once again in the common pursuit of peace and prosperity. Although there will continue to be disagreements over the best means to use in pursuing our goals, i want to assure you that you have my complete and wholehearted support as you take the oath of office this january. I also pledge to you that i and all members of my administration will do all that we can to assure that you begin your term as smoothly and as effectively as possible. May god bless you and your family as you undertake your new responsibilities. Signed, gerry ford. I deeply appreciate the call from president ford and his gracious expression of congratulations and cooperation. I express my admiration for him and for the strong, wellplanned, and Effective Campaign that he ran. I am particularly grateful for his offer of close cooperation during this transition period between the election and inauguration day, and also during the next administration. I look forward to working with president ford and others like him, who even though divided partisan affiliations, are united by common devotion for this country and for the wellbeing of our people. Thank you very much. I deeply appreciate your confidence in me. [applause] that was jimmy carter in plains, georgia, in a sense accepting the duties and obligations of the presidency of the United States. But here in our studios, we want to talk now about what it was who was it, how was it that he got elected. Who in the electorate supported him . Who did not . If he owes anything anybody, personally, to whom would it be owed . I would like to start our discussion by giving a personal view which came back from watching elections in the 1940s roosevelt was in his elections. As i saw that map coloring as it is here today, what we were really seeing is a rebirth of the Old Roosevelt Coalition of those elections of the 1940s. Attenuated a bit, pressed down perhaps, the south not as strong for carter as it was for roosevelt, the north not as strong for ford as it had been for the republican candidates of those days. In a sense, this election was a return to normalcy. It was a circumstance in which the older issues, largely economic, introduced by the depression of the early 1930s , came so to dominate american politics in the 1930s and 1940s that this was the base upon which men like roosevelt were elected. I think this may well be what elected jimmy carter in our bicentennial year. Well, the map certainly looks alike. The elements then would be primarily what used to be called the solid south, that is solid for the democratic party. Helped in the fact that the democratic candidate was from the Southern State of georgia, but this is an area in which gradually over the years there has been an erosion, particularly in the more industrialized, larger states of the south and around the border states of the south. Again, we see something on the map that looks like the solid , democratic south. The other elements of the old new deal and Roosevelt Coalition would be minority groups. They were certainly an overwhelming vote for carter and the democrats on the part of black americans, on the part of spanishspeaking americans, those from puerto rico and so forth. Combined with that, you had strong support from labor unions. This was particularly important this year in a close election, and election in which there was not great enthusiasm for either candidate in the degree that the labor unions were able to mobilize forces for get out the vote drives in Major Industrial states. You have at least these three elements uniting. You have bigcity machines that have been strongly in the roosevelt column. City machines are certainly less strong now than they were 40 years ago. But in philadelphia, for example, the democratic governor was able to mobilize a goodsized effort for mr. Carter and he was able to win that very important state with 27 electoral votes. The labor unions were able , as you just pointed out, to get out the votes in the big cities and Industrial Areas. Turnout this time was a little lower than it has been in recent years. Around 54 of the total voting age population in the United States, which is considerably greater than the number who are actually eligible to vote, registered and therefore could vote. Figures that are misleading to people who are used to having the total population and registration being virtually identical. Includingrn states, the home of jimmy carter, are the states where the turnout actually went up. In many of the other states it went down somewhat. The pattern is a pattern not terribly different from that of the 1940s. In fact, in the Southern States, it is the First Time Since 1944 that as many as 10 of the old Southern States have gone for the democratic party, and the First Time Since then that consistently the border states it is a reversion to the 1940s but one no one should expect to depend upon the development and economic develop it that will occur over the next years. Whether they will shift out it might be helpful for our viewers to spell out some of the Component Parts of this Old Roosevelt Coalition. It included the deep south. In this election on tuesday, only one state of the whole confederacy and of the border state area went for president ford. That was oklahoma, which went by a few 1000 those very late on Election Night. And virginia. And virginia, beg your pardon. And in many ways because of the influx of suburbanites from washington, is rapidly becoming a nonconfederate part of the state. Those two, virginia and oklahoma. Basically the vote for carter, part of that coalition, was black, jewish, to a very considerable extent still Roman Catholic. There was some concern among the Campaign Among democrats that they would lose the Roman Catholic element who voted strongly against nixon. It was working class, and the importance of labor as a part of this campaign. It is not just the votes of workers. It is the fact that any society in which the normal Party Mechanisms are declining, in which they are losing strength, labor provides a nucleus of organizational ability, of personnel, telephones, cars, and all the rest on election day. We used to say that in the 1940s, elections were fought on the industrial battle line between boston and milwaukee. That is, the east and the industrial midwest. Assuming the east would go republican, assuming the south would go democratic. When you add up the groups who make up the old new deal coalition, they now form the new coalition, and they divide on a party line about the same way. 85 of those who said they were democrats voted for mr. Carter. Maybe 90 of those who said that they were republicans voted for mr. Ford. But in our party system in this country, if you can call this organization a party system, there are many more democrats than republicans, and it is in the republicandemocratic break the capacity of jimmy carter to hold together the democratic majority that you find the key to this election. Because among independents and nonparty people, the vote was about 56 44 for president ford. But all the republicans and a majority of independents were not enough to elect president ford given the fact that carter was able to hold on so successfully upon the mass of democratic voters. If i may say a word about the people who are for mr. Carter about the people who are for mr. Ford. Again, looking at the map, all of that great territory in the midwest, except for the upper midwest, minnesota and wisconsin, through the plains states, the mountain states, this is our great breadbasket, these are our great farming states. Mr. Ford and the Republican Party still have a strong base there. They still have a base in the upper new england states. Which historically and traditionally from the founding of the Republican Party have been republican. We see in the upper righthand corner the states of maine, vermont, and New Hampshire remaining republican. So, we find republicans tending to be still suburban, still white, still professional, and with the democrats, as we have pointed out, being more of the working class, more minority groups, more minority religions. The somewhat unusual state of california, a state where many people think about as a state of people from the midwest and other western states have moved in to retire. So while it has many Industrial Areas in it, and has a huge farming area from north to south, it is also a state which represents not only the many nativeborn californians but all the others who have moved out there and it is more like the western midwest, so to speak, than most of the other states of the area. I do find it surprising that it votes like iowa and nebraska and kansas and oklahoma. And speaking of the coalition which supported jimmy carter and the coalition that supported president ford, it raises the question about what sort of policies and personalities are going to come in with this coalition. As you know, often times in america, the coalition is built not after the election between competing political parties, but during the campaign. My own guess, i would like your judgment on it, but my own guess is really carter is a centrist may very well find that in the course of bringing a new program into the congress, he will find himself in the center, attacked by his own leftwing for not doing enough, and attacked by his own right wing for fiscal irresponsibility and doing too much. And that his success as a president may very well depend obviously on avoiding economic difficulty and correcting economic problems where they exist, but may really depend on the fact that he is a centrist, like that of president roosevelt. In being able to straddle this problem of the ideological needs of his party and hold it together on the grounds that he is better than the alternative, and that he as a centrist can do more for these various groups than anyone else can do. He certainly draws into his Administration People who come to the Labor Movement or are close to the Labor Movement, or people who are in business areas, professional areas, people who are the conservatives in the south. He is going to have a mix in that administration. He has roughly 225,000 jobs that he can fill up and it will be filled up with a mix of this coalition that backed him. I am sure he is going to do his best to steer the way down the center. Problems domestically are of course economic issues. We do have some problems left. Inflation is not as high as it was two years ago but it moves a number of people. And we have unemployment, which again is down somewhat from three years ago, but it is also an issue that moves a lot of people. The problem will be how to reduce unemployment without increasing inflation, and to hold therefore both the labor wing of the party and the middle class wing, which is important to both of the major parties. We have said that we had 51 elections on tuesday for president , but we also had thousands of elections for other things around the United States. For governors, senators, house members, a host of jobs that make up the democracy in this country. Lets see some of the pictures about these other elections. I pledge to everyone who worked for us, for all who voted for us, and likewise, to all who opposed us in a good campaign. We appreciate this opportunity for service. We believe that the people of indiana spoke today, that they wanted more liberty and freedom and they wanted a Strong America and they want to reform, and these things we shall work for. I have always been mindful of the great responsibility, so i leave the senate with a record i think of achievement, which i believe justifies that faith. America has been great, and new york is democratic again. [applause] i wish Daniel Patrick moynihan well because i wish new york well, i wish the country well, but we are going to be there pushing our points forward. This is our state. This is our future together to do together. You look to me now, and i look to you, and together we are a partnership that nothing in this world can break, and i rejoice. [applause] it appears tonight that the people of illinois have given jim thompson a chance. And let me tell you something, jim thompson is going to give the people of illinois a chance for the next two years. [cheers and applause] i have asked people to support me thanks to my independence from the political machine, based on my independence from the old politics, and 200 years ago, pennsylvania was the birthplace of independence. Tonight, ladies and gentlemen, it has been born again. [cheers and applause] i wish him well. I wish his family well. Both john and theresa and their children i hope enjoy a happy and productive six years in the United States senate, for all of the people of pennsylvania. I think we have been faced with rather unusual circumstances. It was a little bit like taking on a bazooka with a baseball bat. I am not here to make a victory statement. I am here to indicate that at this point, on the basis of the projections of the major networks, it appears that we are in a very excellent position as it pertains to the possibility, maybe even the probability of a victory. [applause] among the many interesting things i want to do, i want to help the small businessman. Small businesses constitute 97 of the businesses in this country. I think that is a very important priority. Well, i promised you an exciting election, but i did not mean to give you a cliffhanger. So much for the races for the senate, the house, the congress, the other races in this bicentennial president ial year. Let me ask steve hess to tell us about the significance. Well, we now have a democratic president , for will or will have on january 20, who will be joined in washington by the Democratic House of representatives and a democratic senate. This is quite different from the way we have been operating in this country for the last eight years, where the white house has been controlled by the republicans. It has been mixed government. There has been a lot of blame spread out by both parties. The questions will now become whether with a one Party Controlling these three important elements of government we have harmony, unity, and all pulling together philosophically and programmatically or not. Whether that happens or not, and it is a highly debatable proposition, we do know it sympathize things in political terms. Four years from now republicans will be blaming democrats for everything that went wrong in the last four years, and democrats will be taking credit for it. In the two bodies of congress, there have been virtually no changes in numbers, although changes in retirement and so forth. This is somewhat surprising, but not overwhelmingly surprising in the house of representatives. We have a great influx of new members of the house of representatives, democrats elected two years ago, largely we thought because of the watergate scandal. Many of us have thought that some of these new seats would revert back to the Republican Party. This did not happen. It may tell us something about the powers of incumbency, the advantages of once having gotten into office and how to use that office in terms of servicing ones constituents. In the senate, again, the lineup will be about the same in numbers but very different because of retirement. There will be 18 new faces out of 100 in the senate, and many of these are very interesting new faces indeed. I should tell you it is a failure of a shift in the size of the democratic majority is very likely import a function of the fact that carter got a very good vote. He got two million more than the republican candidate and nine more votes than his predecessor, democratic nominee in 1972, senator mcgovern. So they were able to keep that which they had picked up in the midterm of 1974. I think if we look off to the gubernatorial races, we also find kind of a mixed bag. Some republicans, some democrats reelected. It is in both governorships, in the senatorial new faces, that we may be looking for candidates for the presidency in some of the years to come. I would propose that from the Republican Point of view as one looks at the election of governor thompson in illinois, Big Industrial state, one of the four largest voting states. Here is a place where they may be looking for good support, a good candidate for 1980. The democrats presumably, most of them will be looking forward to the renomination of mr. Carter, but the republicans are now looking around at that big margin by which thompson won out there in illinois makes him a very attractive possible candidate for 1980. It is interesting to be making a prediction four years ahead of the event, but the intriguing thing is governor carter has also reopened by the possibility of a governor being elected president. Four years we have been saying the white house primarily beckons to the senate. We have had many senate candidates. Senator kennedy, senator goldwater. Some won, some loss. On the other hand, now if carter can serve one term as governor of georgia from the period ending in 1974, and then move out on a campaign and be elected, maybe someone like governorelect thompson, the leading republican light will be able to do the same. He has to go through a Reelection Campaign in two years time, which will test his meddle, but it is certainly true without trying to make ourselves into a clack that his chances would really be excellent. In a situation, one must add this, as you have done, one must add that we now have in washington what republicans will call monopoly government. The house, the senate, the white house are all in the hands of democrats. The blame game is over. You cannot now say if you are a republican, it is all the fault of the democratic congress. You cannot say it is the fault of a republican in the white house. If things get good, democrats take credit. If things be bad, you will be sure the republicans are going to hit them on the head with that two by four of blame. For what is going on. Jimmy carter, the election of jimmy carter, has produced this is terribly important symbolically and otherwise in the United States. One could almost say that it is like the finishing chapter of the civil war. That is put a little strongly, but metaphorically, perhaps there is something to be said for that. As we pointed out, he was governor. This perhaps starts something new. We have not had a governor elected as president since Franklin Roosevelt in 1932, had not had a candidate of a major party since Adlai Stevenson in 1952. Perhaps it shows something of the nation turning inward to its own problems, but at any rate, we now have to look more closely at governors. Thirdly, i would say we have a president from georgia, not one of our biggest states, not a small state either, but a state in the middle. It is no longer necessary to be from one of the big states. It is useful for a governor to be from the state of illinois. As the professor has said about a governorelect out there, jim thompson, but not totally necessary. Television has given everyone an equal crack at this once they start campaigning. So these are three things that perhaps we have learned from the election of jimmy carter. Actually, we learned the great openness of the contest. No one, and this would not be disputed, 1. 5 years ago would have said carter was a serious possibility for the nomination, much less election to the presidency. The party that is out of power, the Republican Party, is bound to begin looking around at their chances. And this is one of the reasons that one does look around to see who might be the possibility. There is no business is coming up through the ranks, so to speak. We do not have any way of knowing that because x is a good leader in the senate or the house that he is automatically the choice. The choice gets made because some fellows go out and seek it. [indiscernible] that is the story really of our American Election process. We have been bringing you these programs, these discussions of american politics from the primaries to date. I have been joined by my colleagues. We have been most pleased to be able to talk with you about how america in this bicentennial president ial year has been able to change leadership. Change direction in a basic way, but at least provide a peaceful, tolerable, acceptable change of leadership in our national government. We look forward to the next four years. We will see what this election has meant, but that is what it has meant by and large in these discussions we have had with you. The techniques and methods by which peaceful change can be maintained in a great democracy. Youre watching American History tv, covering history cspan style with event coverage, eyewitness account, archival films, lectures and College Classrooms and visit museums and historic places. All weekend every weekend on cspan 3. Ee the author talks about the significance of juneteenth with her book. Heres a preview. Juneteenth is basically the holiday that africanamericans in texas declared because they 1865 and on june 19, he began celebrating that emancipation a year later. Keep ine key facts to mind about texas, it was the last state where africanamericans gained freedom after the civil war. It was on the western edge of the confederacy, it was isolated from the action taking place mostly east of the mississippi river, not entirely but mostly. It was largely untouched by the army. Forecame a place of refuge fleeing slaveowners, they left arkansas, they left missouri as they were being marched upon by the union army. It was a haven for slavery. As it was deteriorating in other parts in the covered in the confederacy. There were few black soldiers that came from texas. Another consideration was the violent backlash the confederates backlash by confederates. April,he war ended in they were still armed, still basically attacking africanamericans who tried to claim freedom. They started in galveston and worked their way across the state. They lynched africanamericans. They caught them fleeing. The process was conflicted in texas. Texas didnt see a lot of action during the war so the action heated up all the enough when the war came to in and in april april. An end in they got tickets of they thought they could sustain slavery. Most enslaved people were not freed until the army came in june and basically had to fight once again to put down those confederates who were living in. He state of texas there is this notion that africanamericans didnt get their freedom at the time of the emancipation proclamation in texas and that that is what was different about them. Not many people in the confederacy got the freedom as a result of the emancipation proclamation. What was different in texas was put was what was happening between april and june and the fact that there were retaliations going on. They were moving backwards while the other states pretty much resigned themselves in defeat. Africanamericans started to mark this occasion, this victory because it really did take another year for them to realize their freedom in 1866, a year when general granger came into galveston and announced that they were free. Watch the full program today at 6 00 p. M. Eastern on American History tv. Youre watching American History tv, all weekend every weekend on cspan 3. To join the conversation, like us on facebook at cspan history. Every saturday 88 00 p. M. History, at 8 00 p. M. Coincide a Different College classroom injury about topics ranging from the american revolution,anemic civil rights, and other topics at 11 00. With most College Campuses closed, watched professors transfer to a virtual setting to engage with their students. Gorbachev did most of his work to change the union, but reagan and christian, reagan supported him. Madison called the freedom of the use of the craft and it is freedom to print things, not a freedom of what we refer to institutionally as the press. Every saturday at 8 00 p. M. Eastern. Lectures in history is also available as a podcast. Find it where you listen to podcasts. Each week, American History tv american artifacts visit historic places. We traveled to philadelphias National Historical park to learn about congress hall, the meeting of the house and senate until 1800. Our guide is matthew ifill. Mr. Ifill we are standing in
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