The scope of what we are talking about when we are talking about changes in policing. Instead of focusing primarily on reform, there are conversations about defunding or shrieking or abolishing the police, fundamentally changing the institution of the police and what they do. Data is really being proffered in many ways as this sort of panacea or Silver Bullet with many of these issues. In the defunding debate, lets say we are going to defund the cut costs. People say data can be used to allocate resources more efficiently. Or lets reduce racial bias and officer decisionmaking. Lets automate it. Or you want to reduce the categorical suspicion of young black males and more accurately predict crime, try predictive algorithms. I think we need to be cautious , when we using data are trying to solve social problems with technological solutions. The first thing i would suggest in moving forward is that we pause,moment to stop, to and really invert the order of operations of what has been going on in the last 10 or so years. I think we need to stop the pattern of Law Enforcement rolling out new technology in ort any Community Buy evaluation of its efficacy. A lot of these federally funded initiatives or for evidencebased policing. They occur before we have evidence of their efficacy. To a secondme recommendation, which is we should broaden the scope of the metrics of success, we need to redefine successful policing. As came up in that meeting, theres been a preoccupation with primates crime rates and that makes sense. Theres a whole host of other issues we need to Pay Attention to when we think about data. Is there increase of cases cleared by arrest, and decrease of stops without arrest . Raciale or decrease in disparity in stops without arrest or false arrests . Legitimacythe issues, racial equality issues that lie at the heart of policing today and historically always have. I would also suggest there is something going on when we are talking about transforming policing, where if the only thing you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail. In the policing context, we are using data to direct largely punitive interventions. I think if we are able to say within the United States, the police are being called to respond to many things that they do not need to be present for, and might be better addressed by professionals or Community Members trained in a different way. Towe are able to use data direct not just punitive resources but nonpunitive resources, we might be able to reduce some inequalities that are playing out. 2002 there is a movie in that Steven Spielberg directed called minority report, and it turns five citations in your book. I wanted to show people the trailer for that and we have about less than 10 minutes left. To sum this all up about the Inflection Point society is at. [video clip] was coming . Double homicide, killer is male, white, mid 40s. I am placing you under arrest for the future murder of sarah marx. The future can be seen. All we have to run on are the images they produce. There is nothing wrong with the system, it is perfect. Murder can be stopped. Do we get any false positive . We are arresting individuals that have broken no law. But they will. The government cant be wrong. How far from reality is that 2002 Science Fiction movie . Sarah we are kind of far from that. The reason it comes up so much in the book is not really because im trying to analogize predictive policing to minority report, but because it is the Public Perception of what is going on is. Whenever i give a talk, people are like, this is minority report. People are not being arrested for precrimes. However, i think what is happening is data is being used to create categories and scores of suspiciousness of people. Law enforcement treats folks differently depending on how suspicious they are or arent, how suspicious a particular area is, how at risk to crime an area is paired one of the most consequential Law Enforcement positions is where to go to look for crime. We are clearly using predictive policing to predict certain types of crime, street crime. We are not using predictive policing to predict financial crime. The hotspots are not in new york on wall street, for example. These are very social decisions about which crimes we want to prioritize, and it tends to be street crime as opposed to whitecollar crime. Fromnk we are kind of far it in some ways, but a lot of times what i would do in my interviews is i would ask my interviewee to imagine or fantasize where they would be in five or 10 years and terms of police use of data and technology. That is really where a lot of the minority report stuff came up. They would say things like i can imagine if i was driving down the street, going to serve somebody an arrest warrant and the windshield of my vehicle would be like google glass, i see there is a registered firearm in this house, there is a sex offender in the house, someone with an outstanding warrant. They would be bombarded with information. This is the minority report world. While it has not really played out yet, i do think these public imaginarys can be powerful, particular in moments like right now, where we are trying to reimagine and reinvent policing. Susan as we close out, i would like to raise some objectives people listening to you might be saying. For example, crime rates are down, technology is obviously making me safer. How would you respond to that . Sarah i think the causal relationship between enforcement practices and crime rates is very heavily contested. There is a whole bunch of things responsible for crime rates, and we can look to the 1990s and early 2000s as one of the emblematic cases of this. Policing is on a many things that impacts crime rates. It is way too simplistic a story to say the introduction of these new technologies causally impacts crime rates going down. It could be a host of other things from Economic Conditions to changes in the drug trade. Susan another objection could be i am a lawabiding citizen, why should i be concerned about Data Collection . Sarah absolutely, if you have nothing to hide, you have nothing to fear logic. One of the responses i would say to that is first of all, again, it relies on the assumption of the infallible state, so you have to be fully confident that all police officers, all lawyers, all state actors are never going to make a mistake or unfair decisions about you because you will not be able to push back on any of it because you will not know why these things occurred because it is all shrouded in opaque algorithms. Many of the magazines pages in the 1880s were devoted to battles and leaders of the civil war. Instead of first person memoirs, how to survive commanders on either side. That claim to look at the conflict on a strictly Military Point of view. To vandalize neither the wars causes or is consequent is. Consequences. Him, thaten like soldiers sense of shared suffering would override all sectional or ideological differences. A sacrifice and its memorialization on the ground which they would ultimately reunite. Ts that sense of a common loss. That emerged only after the end of reconstruction. It was not in the spirit in which it was built. In a dedicatory carving on the wall, it tells us the building marks the patriotism of those who served in the army and navy of the United States during the war for the preservation of the union. It was built for the union dead, the nations loyal citizens, and for them only. Harvards confederate dead were given no place at that memorial space. It is a place of triumph, and frank about it. A few decades after the war was over, when this Reconciliation Movement was underway, Frederick Douglass found that he needed to remind people that there had been a right side to the civil war and a wrong side. For him, hadn, gone too far. The memorial does not forget such things. It insists that neither the confederacy nor its soldiers e any claim on the still. Whenever i read the bostonians, i am stirred by basils openhearted notion. And when i step inside memorial hall, i remember that during the Academic Year of 1909 to 1910, an equally fictional mississippian would have had to enter that Building Three times a day prof. Gorra there are other doors to the dining hall, he would not always have to walk past that line of dead union names. Seemaybe sometimes he did some southerner who had died in the north, what would he have made of him . The sender the fury began as a short story about children whose parents had set them outside to play, hoping to keep the kids from realizing that their grandmother has just died. The child is curious, shes is a girl called candace and the kids had been splashing in a creek, she had gotten muddy and wet, now she climbed the tree next to the house, she looks in the upstairs window, she is curious, she wants to know what is going on. Her brothers stare up at her from below. That moment will fix them forever. Catty remains adventurous, a desire that expands to the family. Her older brother stays in place, and then jason, who threatens to tell on her. Benji, hest child, was not able to speak. He is the idiot in the lines of someone faulkners takes his title. We first see her through his eyes. Benji cannot this team was between past and present, his first person narration slips from moment to moment back in his normal prison of 1928 and into childhood. Each period encased within betweenand the movement triggered by association or repetition, he combines the events to which we first approaches Family History. Her promiscuity, her pregnancy by one man and marriage to another. Alcoholism, fatal quentins suicide in the ruins of family life that follow. Faulkner had later said that he tried to tell all of this through benji alone, it did not work until he started over this time in sectioning quentins voice set in 1910 on the last day of his life. Try again, fail again. Tomoved the narration back 1928, he gave it over to the vicious jason. It still was not enough, he said. And so he said, i will let faulkner try with a concluding section written in the third person. Each of the three firstperson sections, each of those depends not on the narrators present, but rather on the past they cant escape and in each case, that past is defined in terms of the siblings whose voice we hear. Presence toabsent whom the brothers cannot ever accommodate themselves and one of them wont ever get over. As a culturalzed historian has written, it is precisely to be possessed by an image or event. Master,ience one cannot the unwitting reenactment of an event one simply cannot decouple. Trauma, trauma lies in our delayed response to a violence that our minds cannot encompass. Memory, aitten repetition that forces us to relive our past. Dude reiteration. Those who suffer from it have no choice but to circle around the unexpired their own experience. Approaching the psychic space where they least want to be and yet must. Drawn by fascination and horror. Faulkner tells the constant story four times hoping that each will be his last. They always return to her memory, sniffing at it, unable to let it alone. Two benji, she was comfort, to ,ason, she contains the future but for my purposes, quentin is the one who matters here. On the last day of his life, most of what happens to quentin was happening in memory. He knows what he will do that night and he buys two flat irons to wait his way into the river, he sits next to a black man on the streetcar and is amazed at how easy he finds him. What is really determinative is the life that lies behind you. The life and memory, the past in ttych you could not stop ca from being who she is. What matters is its failure, so the day slips gears and he stands by the creek where they had played as children. She lies in the water, her skirt soaked against her, she climbs out. But she sits with her face , the smell of honeysuckle. Him, push, she tells harder, i want you to. He asks her to touch it. To put out her hand and got his way. Her hand on the knife that he holds that her throat. And she is willing, she says, willing to die as she says she did when the other men touched her. Have you ever done that . She asks and he asks her how many men and she only says too many. Neurologists have identified a disorder in which a memory for theitself unbidden totality of sensory decay. Those afflicted with a can see their own tasks after as if it were a film, a continuous shell, reruns of unforgettable reruns. Such memories seem more real than ones at the very present did quentin conversation with her and her father were continued threat today. Big moments on why she seems to lose his presence, he steps fully into his past. Fails with a knife, he goes looking for a man. He is not her first lover, but he is the man who has gotten her ,regnant and when they meet quentin orders him to leave town. I say he must go, not my father, not anybody, i say it. If you dont, i will kill you. The man is both unused and concerned, he tells quentin not to take it so hard. The man to hit him, does have to stop him. Only then does quentin realize that he is holding a wet and bloodstained greg rag. His face goes cold. He is not in mississippi at all, but rather in massachusetts still. And without realizing it, he has picked and lost a fight with another harvard student, and another man who has been talking too casually about women. It is quite new has gone into a fugue in which the present seems to bend, the fight triggered by the memory, the memory by the fight. In the present has vanished for us as well. We read in this part of the novel, we read for a dozen pages. Syntax,lkners broken the unpunctuated lowercase lines of dialogue spilling down the page, that is the only thing here to remind us that we are really inside quentins mind. The day remembers itself for him. He snaps too, he snaps back into the present. His roommate tells and he is going to have a shiner. Conversationcal with his father replace in his mind, a conversation about his own inability to accept the fact virgin. Is no longer a your anguish his father says, your anguish grows out of a temporary state. That is what virginity is, both hers and yours. It is something to move on from, something we are meant to lose. So is pain itself. But the boy will have none of it. And i, temporary, and he, you cannot bear to think that someday you will no longer hurt you like this. Temporary, and he was the saddest road of all, there is nothing else in the world, it is not despair until time, it is not even time until it was. Was. Something that was lies in the past. It is fixed and unchanging, concluded and therefore temporary indeed. He is in contrast ongoing and on permit, he is an ever present Family History that defines him. Would bething worse the belief that he might someday get over it, that it would not be temporary. , to discardurvival that trauma, to believe he might outlive it, that dismisses the very that constitutes itself. Quentin would rather die than imagine that someday will no longer come and he recognizes that. Is the pass past that one cannot it is the past that one cannot bend. The full memory of this talk returns him only at the very end of the evening, the very end of the chapter that faulkner devotes to, and returns to him just a little while before he kills himself. That conversation has been at the edge of his mind all day. That morning he stood along the stiffs and with a envelope with his suicide note in his coat. For a second he imagines himself in the future as if hes going to live, but then his fathers word comes back to him. Spoken in mississippi the summer before, was. That is where he soon will be, was, past tense. Hear that time laden syllable floats on the page without explanation. Quentin has already had that conversation with his father, we have not. Not yet, we have not read it yet. That lies 50 pages on, so we cannot know what that word means to him. Thisext thought in narrative is rather cryptic, than was. Der again, saddest of all. Again. We will not understand that claim until it becomes literally true. Until that exchange with his father runs through his head once more, we hear those words again. Again. Mber catty sadder than was, saddest of all. Excuse me, i need a little liquid. Do withall this have to the war . All this excursion giving given to these characters . Thats a question i want to explore now. Historians have augured that faulkners subject is the brief and unfulfilled desire to which is characters are forever subject. There is a deep contrary between the movements of faulkners mind with the scent of an inescapable and thebut trauma history and culture of his region, so deep that it is impossible to distinguish between them. The reverend hightower will write in august of 1930, he believes his life had ceased before it began. That it is a single instance of darkness in which a horse galloped and a gun crashed and his confederate grandfather fell in the dust. We will take a later novel, intruder in the dust from 1948, that book tells us there is a place in the mind of every southern white boy when it is still not yet 2 00 on the third day of gettysburg. The charge against the union has not begun. That is what quentin wants, a pastor that is still not yet past that is still not yet. A moment in which it all still is. A moment before the past becomes irrevocable and in which he can stay forever. Someday all this will no longer occur to mr. Combs and that is precisely what he cannot accept. He cannot accept the idea of outliving his own pain. Quentin lives in an afterlife and what he has to tell us about the south is that it all happens over and over again. The same troubles and events, the same corals, the same men corals. He same the same men and generations repeating themselves. There are many ways to understand this, but for me it lies in pushing the sense of trauma beyond the bounds of the individual psyche as indeed freud suggested. Past int people recall common, so they may share the same wounds. Suggests the names unrepresented, the events, the event itself as opposed to his memory. To look up tos and then away from the moment of climax, he almost never presents it duller directly. Catty forctually see example, we know only her remembered presence, only her present in the narratives her brothers tell. Only the pain of her loss. And so it is with the civil war yet in it is felt and faulkners work it is nowhere fully presented. They hear the past as it cries out for quentin and perhaps for his creator, too. A trauma induced by the pain they have never not known, their voices marked by the compulsions to repeat. Part of the pleasure