Pandemic with an amazing set of tools and level of global in pandemic preparedness and in new and new tools and, an opportunity if we choose to take it. And i think thats the point of the book that have contributed to is, is to lay out that experience very clearly so that and now i am delighted to the failures and the successes introduce tonight speakers are recognized and understood in the interest of taking advantage philip is the white burkett miller, professor of history at university of virginia, where he of these opportunities we have. Has also served dean of the well, this experience is still graduate school and director of salient and, searing to make a the miller center. His scholarly work has on set of reforms and institutional critical episodes in american changes that would allow us to respond more effectively in the and world history. He has been a member of the future. So i want to just take notice of defense policy board for defense what both of you were saying. Ashton carter and a member of kendall is saying weve actually the board of the bill and learned quite a lot from the crisis about how to work with Melinda Gates foundation and private industry to get ready. 2020 he was elected a member of another emergency, if only will the American Academy of absorb those lessons. And then richard, in turn, has diplomacy joining him on our said that actually the crisis has shown a lot of new digital stage this evening. Our coauthors kendall hoyt and technological capabilities, a lot of new tools. So between learning better about dr. Richard j. Hatcher. To work with industry and the kendall hoyt, an assistant opportunity to exploit these professor at gisela school of new, there is a lot of real medicine at. Potential here to do this. And a senior lecturer at the if we have the system to do it. Third school of engineering at so the the report itself talked dartmouth college, where she teaches courses on biosecurity a lot about our system. It made the point for example Health Systems and technical that if you compare this with technological innovation. Affluent countries, similarly she serves on the us covid affluent in europe, the States Commission planning group. System did much you know all 300 has served as a consultant for the coalition for epidemic plus million did much worse than preparedness innovations and the their 300 plus million at every Nuclear Threat initiative. Stage of classes. And is the author of longshot vaccines for national, published and, you know, people have these images of say modern country by Harvard University press in 2012. Supermodel countries like dr. Richard j. Hatch it is chief executive germany or norway. But if you were to compare, say, officer of the for epidemic the state of florida, the state of spain, of spain, excess preparedness innovations, a Global Partnership that supports mortality rates were 50 lower the Swift Development of and than floridas on an age adjusted basis. Equitable to new vaccines, other and a lot of that and you can defenses against diseases with get similar numbers in all sorts of comparisons with italy or epidemic and pandemic potential. Others, because a lot of the dr. Hatchett and his plan is for differences are just deep differences in the institutions. We went into this crisis in a the world to neutralize those pandemic threats with passion situation where we thought we and investment in research and had, a National PublicHealth Agency called the cdc and the development. Cdc sometimes thought of itself tonight our speakers will be as a Public Health agency. But as we in the report, we have discussing lessons from the covid war by the Covid Crisis Group led by Philip Zelikow no National PublicHealth Agency in america not really the cdc lessons from the covid war plain spoken and clear sighted. Has no executive or operational it cuts through the enormous authority around the country and jumble of information. Has no particular reservoirs of make some sense of it all. Staff to meet a national and to answer what . Emergency. Just to us and why. You know, we went into this war without, an army or battle plan. And how. Next time could we do better . Because there will be a next so then you have a situation time. The covid war showed americans where the Public Health system and its data is completely from that their wondrous scientific knowledge had run far of their the Health Care System and its organized ability. Data, which is completely apply it in practice improvising detached from the biopharma, to fight this. Industrial complex and its war Many Americans displayed winning weapons. And no one in washington and who ingenuity and dedication but they struggled with systems made is trying to kind of write the success difficult and failure script for all this and and offer and the orchestra. Easier. This shows how americans can another analogy some of our come together learn hard truths, doctors use is you all these build on what works, and prepare specialists crowding the global emergencies to come. Patient, but theres no one we are so pleased to be hosting whos the attending physician whos responsible. This event tonight. The overall coordination of care the digital podium is. And. To this day, we still havent Philip Campbell and dr. Clarified who was the attending among among the specialists. But these are things our government can fix. Well. Thank you natasha. And in a way the purpose of our such a nice introduction. Report was to show people that and thanks to harvard. Thanks to the Harvard Bookstore they can be searched. And so people come away from for giving us a chance to talk this kind of feeling discouraged about this new book. By the way, that the book looks and hopeless. We also took on the origins and like this beautiful blue cover. Offer offer a pretty good if you go by the harvard and account of all the respective theories and. Spot that scribe blue, you know we dont come down hard either way because i think the evidence what to buy. Is there yet. But we say theres a very clear so this is an odd book really. Agenda for the future and trying its got 34 coauthors and. To track outbreaks overseas, but youre entitled to a little bit also in to regulate and better a of an excellent as to how this thing came into existence. Handle on these new frontiers of we were originally supposed to help plan a National Covid biological. Commission, several foundations where the crisis is certainly asked me to run an effort to called out to a lot of some of prepare the way for a huge the potential dangers and youll National Commission that would i think a pretty forward investigate and understand the. Discussion of that and the biggest crisis to hit the united report i wanted to come back a little bit to you, kendall, states since the second world because theres been a lot war. If you measure it by life lost discussion of the role of the and money spent so we gathered biopharma industry in the crisis this enormous group of 34 not just ask you kind of a general question of should we people, outstanding people, view the biopharma industry, the including and richard and 31 others. Drug industry as villains . Do you kind of think them as we interviewed. We held listening sessions, sort of evil, multinational. Hundreds of people and task forces did a lot of work. And then we last year, you know i mean, youve worked on this problem. What . Theres not going to be a National Effort commission for mean just share a little bit. Its like, how do you want us to various in the congress and in think about these behemoths . The executive branch. And so we could either pack up i mean, as i said we cant the all our insights and go home and government cant without we hope town meetings among the industry. And industry cant do it group to decide what do with without. Its absolutely effort. Members basically said well i and we need to both parties need think we now need to just tell to do the best they can to help people what we know and the the other succeed. Result of deciding to just tell i think, you know, one of the people what we out is this book ways that i mean, you mentioned, you know, why did why did so this is the i think the only america fare so badly, you know, i dont i dont know that thats available account right now that necessarily anyone industrys in plain english goes through fault. I wouldnt say that. All the key choices made in this but what it does point to is we dont have a great way of crisis from origins to operation knowing if were prepared. We dont have a good measure or warp speed and everything in metric for preparedness. Between. So i mean, on the health its i think theres no way security index, you know, u. S. Anyone would read this report without feeling like they can ranked really high for the ability to detect and respond to now make a better sense of what happened to them as well as to novel outbreaks. You on paper, we looked great, their country and indeed a lot of the world. But we did not have a great way there are a lot of one of the things that im often is okay, to test evaluate some of those whats the big takeaway, this report . And the big takeaway, this capabilities. So i mean one capability that report is not about follow the would make a huge is one that richard talks about is the science. Its really about getting ready ability develop a new drug to a for a great emergency. Novel outbreak or vaccine in 100 its about preparedness. Days. Thats the between an outbreak what is preparedness mean in and a pandemic thats the general . Knowing what to do in an difference between, you know, emergency and, being ready to do 100 million and 16 trillion. You know, and, you know, 100 it. If you want to see. Million, you know, who knows . What preparedness really meant in practice in this crisis, many million lives. Which doesnt neatly under red so thats thats a worthwhile or blue label partizan labels. Investment. And thats something you do when you this book itll just be industry and government. Obvious to you what means. The market doesnt call for that. Itll be obvious you what it theres no market incentive to meant to be unready. Be able to do that in 100 days. But also youll see all sorts. Why would you build a drug for a terrific. Disease might disappear or that improvizations that were done during the crisis. Almost certainly will disappear some led actually by richard if develop a drug for it. That inspire terrorists with a so, you know, that has to be done with government and. Lot of low fruit. That could help us be much more we should build this capability prepared for the great emergency and we should test it and we should evaluate it and we should next time. Do it every year. So the first key theme is preparedness. A lot of people also. And maybe for a novel outbreak, but maybe for a disease that we well, you know what they present us with their standard that has a high disease burden. Thats how, you know, if you can narratives and theres a blame do it. And then youve really an narrative on the republican side that, well, lets just blame china or lets just blame the innovation and a public asset Public Health experts for which public good that actually will tony fauci becomes poster child ultimately help industry that or on the democratic side, lets should let me you kind of a blame president trump. Tough question i mean obviously you know, the irony of blaming a lot of worries about our relations with china about Public Health system. I was asked about this recently is that the Public Health and chinas role this crisis or lack the Public Health leaders fail. Of role in this crisis, the fact well, they were set up to fail. That china was was clearly i we came into a 21st century think all accounts a slow National Pandemic with a system providing information to the world about. What was going on about giving designed the 19th century, a at the world early access to virus samples that would allow us to the time this pandemic hit us, we were set up to fail. Help produce really good tests before cases showed up on our so should we then blame those leaders for the failure. Own shores. All of that. That seems somewhat unfair. So as you think about the challenge also ahead and we as for president trump, anyone, discussed some of this in the book portfolio, little bit about this book will conclude, as we did, that he was at the least a should we give up on a comorbidity a preexisting international because the divisions we have in the world condition that increases the today, i mean, you spent some risk of death or serious time in asia are they giving up illness. And no one reading this book would come away it believing on international cooperation. That trump should be anywhere near the instruments government i would like to think philip, anytime soon. Its an its an important but if you think that the crisis question. Would like to think that there and what happened in our country would be areas where was all about president trump, he actually a lot of what collaboration is possible, even actually in the crisis and a lot other geopolitical conflicts are of the reasons we failed a being worked out. Crucial conclusion of the book i have often talked the fact is the polarization and toxic that russia or the ussr and the politics were fed by lack of preparedness. United states collaborated to very quickly it became obvious a lot of people ready to take eradicate smallpox, even at the guidance on what to do. And we didnt have really good height of the cold war when they guidance to give them. Were fighting proxy wars in we didnt have were flying blind other locations. In tracking the progress, the they werent whether they have pandemic. Eradicate smallpox and, the we didnt have good tool to fight it. Disease transcend the the gop and into that void of, not knowing what to do and the conflict of the day, which was a flailing the floundering into that void, toxic politics could pretty sharp conflict. Then just in and that started its incredibly that china and happening all through 2020 and just kept getting and worse and the United States and europe were not able to better then you see that story unfold through the report with all coordinate their independent to kinds insights in which lots of develop countermeasures and to people were trying to do the best they could and. Distribute countermeasures and to counter became of geopolitics a system that made success hard and failure easy. So what wed like to do now is having just introduced a little during during during the crisis bit of what we were up to and what this report was about, i want to turn to kendall first to covax the effort that we helped set up with gavi and w. H. O. In a minute and explain what answer couple of questions and then turn the conversation to covax was. Sure. I mean i mean, covax was it was richard and the two things that i want kendall to take is how it was an effort to create a fair allocation mechanism for you handle, the private sector, growing a giant emergency of the vaccines and it was set up early in the pandemic with the goal of Public Sector obviously didnt have the capabilities to respond distributing vaccines to make at scale in this situation. Sure that they were allocated to you had that, therefore, from some of partnership with the private sector. Countries irrespective of so and kendall, in particular National Wealth and that the looked at this Public Private countries we anticipated that nexus and id like to hear again vaccines would be scarce for some of her insights about this. Much longer than they were and then secondly, id like you actually scaling up of vaccines to reflect a little bit about during response over the first whether or not we to get ready couple of years was absolute for Health Security in the ways would be unprecedented, but it we sometimes get for problems of National Security. Was very clear that there were so, kendall, over to you you. Segments of the population were much more vulnerable to bad outcomes from the disease than youve never been one for easy other segments of the questions. Population. And the the efficient allocation i think an important point when of would save more lives if and it comes to working the private so we tried to set a mechanism sector to realize is that this is a team effort that government to do that and we also set up the mechanism at a time when it cant do without industry. Was not at all clear that any of industry cant do this without government. The novel approaches that were and i think important as richard being used would actually work. Will tell us, no country can do not in the theres a really this without. Other countries, and thats huge interesting history, which i part of it, which i talk about a think is an important proof of concept for thinking about little too. Preparedness, future viral but when it comes to working threats, as to why so many of the vaccine didnt work. With industry, i mean that but we didnt know that at the thats form of preparedness to. Time. And so covax was set up to so preparedness is really about what are we doing right now . Invest in an r d portfolio, a large r d portfolio and to allow and if we are not sitting at the for Early Advance purchase of company at the table, companies those vaccines. And then through a fair allocation mechanism and it fell in, this moment of relative calm short of its aspiration and for to figure out how are going to a number of reasons, which develop the next generation of probably more than well talk medical countermeasures for covid or for Something Else then about right now, but i would weve failed to understand the lesson of this pandemic. Would just say that. Right. And we need preexisting you know, in in terms the partnerships to move quickly. Institutional response, im im and i mean, this is the lesson deviating from