The Lincoln Forum continues good morning. My name is Jonathan White and im the vice chair of the Lincoln Forum, and it is a pleasure to introduce caroline janey. Caroline janey is the john l. Now the third professor in this history of the American Civil War at the university of virginia where she also serves as director of the john l. Now the third center for Civil War History where she succeeded her mentor Gary W Gallagher she is the author or editor of seven books and is one of the series editors for the university of North Carolina presses prestigious civil war america series. She has served as the president of the society of civil war historians and is here to talk about her new book ends of war the unfinished fight of lees army after appomattox. Im about 30 pages in and it is riveting. It is a wonderful book and i just this morning saw a brand new review that appeared in todays wall street journal by someone named harold holzer. And he calls it immensely readable and utterly convincing. Please join me in welcoming caroline janey. Good morning. So first a big big thanks to john. Cell phones in my classroom when they go off the entire class gets a quiz. So we can institute that policy right now if that will help curtail the cell phones a big. Thank you to jonathan for for everything and a deep deep. Thank you to harold for inviting me in for a review that i am truly most humbled by so so thank you to everyone and thank you for all of you for coming out in person. So i think were going to get straight. To appomattox, or at least after appomattox . In the years since 1865. Im sure many of you in this room have used appomattox as a shorthand as a short hand for referring to end of the war. Appomattox was and continues to be seen as the end of lees army and therefore the end of the American Civil War. In fact the events between april 9th and april 15th. 1865 have become so well known that i think we take them for granted. We almost seem to read lincolns assassination a week after lease surrender as a postscript. As a close to the war. An event that had little to no effect on how the war ended other than placing Andrew Johnson in the white house which is of course a whole nother story. But what if we step back . What if we try to experience the month between april 15th . In may 15th 1865 day by day uncertain as to what is going to come next. How does the world look differently . How does the end of the war look differently . In particular, how does lincolns assassination complicate or change the policies that grant had set in motion at appomattox . So thats what were going to do this morning. Were going to look closely at that period from april 9th to may of 1865 in an effort to grapple with the uncertainty surrounding the socalled end of the confederacy. And ill point out as a caveat that while Joe Johnstons army was absolutely important. Were going to focus on lees army because lees army is what both confederates and the union high command saw as the most important confederate army. And well start where we should start in mcleans parlor at appomattox. Well begin with the surrender terms that grant offered lee that day. The first was standard in most surrenders confederates would turn in their weapons and their flags. As of vicksburg grant allowed the rebels to go home on parole. Its a really important point that i think we sometimes gloss over they went home as prisoners of war on parole. So rather the than being sent to prisoner of war camps. They go home as paroled prisoners of war. But grant added a provision that had not appeared in other surrenders and one that would prove controversial from the moment that he offered it. That is that paroled confederates would not be disturbed by us authorities. So long as they maintained Good Behavior in other words so long as they didnt break any laws. By including this provision grant had tacitly acknowledged lee soldiers as enemy combatants. And as such they could not be traitors. They could not be tried for treason for waging war. The following morning meeting with lee grant before he did so he would issue special orders number 73 which allowed paroled prisoners of war to have these passes that we are so familiar with these passes that allowed them to go through union lines when necessary to get rations when necessary to allow them to travel free on government railroads and steamers when need be the marks that you see on the passes. Theres our stamps from Provost Marshals office. We also have another and i dont expect you to be able to read this but just know that what this is including this is for a soldier from hoods brigade going home to texas and as late as july of 1865. Hes stopping at Union Provost marshal offices and getting provisions. Hes getting transportation on his way home. So these parole passes are documents that allow these paroled soldiers to do this. The problem was a substantial portion of lees army had not surrendered at appomattox and here were going to do some very rough math. So bear with me of the 60,000 men that lee had available to him. In the trenches around petersburg and richmond as of april 1st. At most 28,000 of those surrendered at appomattox if we account for the casualties along the way between april 2nd and april 8th somewhere around 11,500 casualties a conservative estimate would suggest there were 20,000 men who should have surrendered with lees army at appomattox who failed to do so. Why well, the reasons were as varied as the men themselves some had been foot sore and straggling footstore and starving stragglers unable to keep up with the relentless pace of lees army as it pressed west hoping to find that connection to move south and join joe johnston. Some of these men had dropped out of the ranks because they believed there was little use and resisting anymore. And they simply elected to go home. Others saw the writing on the wall. And hope to avoid what they saw as the humiliation of surrender, there are even letters from a few soldiers who talk about their fears of being marched through the streets of washington as prisoners of war. Some of them simply refuse to acquiesce and made it past the union lines. This is especially true for a number of calvarymen somewhere around 2,000 calvary troopers or other artillery mint. I love these maps from the American Battlefield trust that can can show us rosser and munford and others fits you lee that are escaping the union cordon. We often forget that there was a small battle on the morning of april 9th. Some of these men made it all the way to lynchburg some disbanded some went home for good. Others went home to await word from men like general rosser. Indeed on april 12 the very day that leaves infantry was participating in the formal surrender ceremony that very same day rosser had written to staunton virginia where he issued a proclamation. And again, i dont expect you to be able to see it but heres evidence that it exists. This is a proclamation that he notes is from the headquarters of the army of northern, virginia. Stop for a moment and think about that the army of Northern Virginia is supposed to be at appomattox participating in a formal surrender. And here we have rosser not only declaring this the headquarters of the Army Northern virginia and stanton, but hes also given himself a nice little promotion. Hes now a lieutenant general. And heres what he has to say. He called upon his men to shoulder their arms and muskets once more returned to the field to meet the arrogant invader who had insulted you. Robbed you murdered your dearest friends and relatives. Outraged your fair women despoiled your homes and dishonored all that is most dear and sacred. He promised he would lead his men against this dastardly foe. And promised he would Never Surrender until quote the purple current ceases to flow from my heart or until you are a Free Independent and happy people. Rise like men and come to me. He commanded. He instructed companies and regiments to assemble in charlottesville in stanton or in lynchburg without delay. In other words for men like rosser the war was not over yet. Others headed nor had it south to North Carolina where they hoped to join the forces of Joseph E Johnston continue the fight. In short appomattox represents a great irony it was and continues to be seen as the end of these army and by extension the civil war. But a significant portion of lees army had refused to see it as such for them. The war had not quite yet ended. Grant knew this he knew that there were men missing from the ranks. So what of these 20,000 men . Did the terms that grant had offered at appomattox applied to them . Were they to be included in the surrender . When the morning of april 10th secretary of War Edwin Stanton wrote to grant asking if the troops operating in Loudoun County in particular namely hes concerned about jonas mosby and his partisans he stanton writes to grant and he asks whether these men are to be included in the surrender terms or only those under lees immediate personal command. Grant writes back the surrender was only of the men left with the pursued army at the time of the surrender those that had escaped or were detached to the time are not included. But in this very same telegram the same response to stanton grant shows his flexibility. Even though these men had not been included. He says they should be they should all be included that the terms should be offered to quote all the fragments of the army of Northern Virginia so that they might voluntarily surrender. Generosity flowed naturally from a winning commander who was extending the magnanimous terms that lincoln had told him he should do at appomattox. But we are mistaken to think that it is just a magnanimous gesture on grants part. There is more to this than that. On the morning of april 10th grant was not so sure that the war was over he did not believe that lees forces and then and certainly all the other forces had fully capitulated. An underscoring all of this was grants fear of continued warfare. When he spoke to lee on the morning of april 10th. Lee had pointed out quote the south was a big country and that we might have to march over at three or four times before the war had finally ended. Had this given grant pause. If the cycles of retaliation continued with the likes of mosby and other gorillas, even with the surrender of the main armies this war might never end. Grant needed every single rebel to lay down his guns. Including the partisan rangers included those men who had escaped surrendering at appomattox. You see for grant parrolling was a deterrent. It was a means of keeping these men from fighting the war by other means and he admitted that he saw paroled soldiers as more trustworthy than disloyal citizens and here is where we see grant the soldier really coming into play. He believes that the men would be on our bound by their paroles. And of course the punishment for breaking your parole was according to the libra code was death. Given these set of circumstances on the evening of april 10th stanton wrote to Major GeneralWinfield Scott hancock who was headquartered in winchester and stanton ordered hancock to print and circulate the entire correspondence between lee and grant that had eventually led to the surrender. So those those letters back and forth that were well familiar with stanton once hancock to print these to prove to any rebels who might be hiding out in the Shenandoah Valley that in fact lee has capitulated the secretary instructed hancock that quote all detachments and stragglers from the army of Northern Virginia who voluntarily turned themselves into Union Authorities would be protected under the same terms of parole. They would be permitted to go to their homes. So throughout winchester and throughout the rest of the lower valley you would find these flyers tacked throughout the city and then if thats not enough hancock has printed in the newspaper and announcement again, i dont expect you to read it, but the announcement says basically come in come in and get paroled. He promises that every military restraint shall be removed. That is not absolutely essential in other words. This war will be over if you want it to be over come in seek your parole. He promises and listened. This is hancock i think speaking to to women as much. As anyone he promised that your sons your husbands and your brothers shall remain with you unmolested if they will come in voluntarily. But then theres the also the this is that the carrot part the stick part is that if they dont come in voluntarily if we have to to go out seek them and arrest them then they will be detained. They will sit they will be sent to northern prisoner of war camps. Well, this works in the days and weeks that followed thousands of leaves men throughout virginia decided that it was in fact in their best interest to turn themselves in and one of the really fascinating things that i found in my research were all of these paroles that took place in sites throughout, virginia into West Virginia, maryland, North Carolina and beyond its very rough map here, but just to give you a sense of the timing in the days immediately following appomattox. Between april 12th and april 16th some 2800 paroles. Where were in lynchburg at burkeville, which is to the right the other red circle that you see there to the to the southeast of appomattox the Provost Marshal recorded more than 1600 names between april 14th and april 17th. These parolees are going on first in in areas that are proximate to appomattox, but were going to them spread out. And heres where lincolns assassination comes into the story. Contrary to what we might expect. Rather than suspending the parrolling process. Lincolns assassination made it all the more pressing that the remnants of lees army who had not surrendered yet do so. You see reports of marauders had only intensified efforts to find and parole. All of lees men. Along the Northern Neck in virginia up and down the Shenandoah Valley in the counties just north of richmond and across the potomac into maryland the United States cavalry went out on a mission hunting any rebel who had not yet been paroled. Their chief target was none other than john s mosby and his rangers. Indeed in midapril confederate artillerists kenna king chapman from richmond observed that quote the guerrilla mosby seems to hang over these yankee lines like some frightful nightmare and they seem to suspect every man as belonging to his command. Grant had long insisted that gorillas remained the chief threat to peace. But rumors that mosby was complicit in lincolns assassination. Had only fueled grants desire to smash all elements of irregular resistance. There was talk in washington that moseby had in fact met with booth in the capital. And some suggested that the assassins had crossed the potomac and were endeavoring to make their way to mosbys rangers. Indeed lewis powell alias lewis payne who attempted to assassinate secretary steward. Had been part of mosbys command. He had deserted in january of 1865. Is reason to believe that perhaps mosby is involved in all of this. Yet again we head back to winchester. Where general Winfield Scott hancock was charged with compelling mosby to surrender. Even before lincolns assassination hancock had forwarded to mosby copies of that exchange of letters between grant and lee. Had offered the rangers the same terms that had been offered to everyone else. But the possibility of assassins escaping through the valley had heightened hancock sense of urgency. Not just where mosby was concerned but for any and all on paroled rebels. Hancock now instructed his Provost Marshals to include information that had not been included on those parole passes that were printed at appomattox. Even at lynchburg and farmville. Now you can see this parole pass looks much different than that that was given out at appomattox now in addition to to the the name the regiment and company now theres a physical description. The age the height complexion hair color eye color all of this was to be included. Perhaps this information would be helpful in confirming paroles. Or more ominously in identifying those who had been involved in the assassination. So hancock sends out calvary patrols up and down the valley looking for detached units looking for stragglers and many of them are coming in and what we need to keep in mind is there is this heightened period of anxiety not just for loyal unionists. But also for confederates many of those men and were talking especially cavalry and artillery here who had horses and had the ability to get away. Are worried they know that these paroles have been offered but will they be taken off the table following lincolns assassination many of them conclude that in fact, they better go in while they can and get paroled. Within a week been a week of this nearly 1,800 men had been paroled in the Shenandoah Valley. Other parole sites included richmond, northumberland, louisa, charlottesville, fairfax, and i want to give you a sense of how this will change. These are the paroles that ive been able to locate between april 10th and april 14th. Look what happens after lincolns assassination. They just absolutely blossom more and more men are coming in. Theres more of an urgency on the behalf of both confederates and at Union Provost marshals in to find these men. If most of these men willingly sought paroles others found themselves arrested for failing to do so. In the Early Morning hours of april 15th. For example, Brigadier General william. Hf payne was arrested by the federal ca