Asking the u. S. Regulators to allow emergency use of the covert 19 vaccine developed by its german partner beyond tick. It starts the clock on a process that could deliver limited 1st doses as early as next month. Pfizer and biotech have announced that their vaccine appears. 95 percent effective in preventing mild to severe covert. 19. Austria has announced plans for mass testing to begin next month. Testing the general population will be carried out in 2 rounds, one in december and 1 in january participation will be voluntary. The World Health Organization has said the drug rendez, of ish, should not be used to treat patients hospitalized with covert 19. It had been same as a potential treatment, but the w. H. O. Said there was a lack of evidence that it improved patient survival rates or reduce the need for ventilation. 75 years ago today, the trials opened in nuremberg of 24 high ranking members of the nazi dictatorship. The judicial proceedings were the 1st of their kind. The nuremberg trials sought to hold individuals to account instead of punishing an entire nation. I also came to lay the foundations for todays International Criminal court in the hague. Reichs marshall, hermann, goering, hitlers Deputy Rudolf Hess and chief ideologist Alfred Rosenberg in the dock on november 20th, 1945, many other leading nazi figures have by vend gone into hiding or committed suicide, including hitler. But for the 1st time in history, the rulers of a country had to answer to an International Criminal court. The allies wanted to show that the individuals would be held responsible for the crimes of the nazis, not the german people as a home. The charges against the main war, criminals included conspiracy against world pace planning, unleashing and conducting a war of aggression, crimes and violations of martial law. Crimes against humanity. Because people are going into a not guilty like home and getting none of the cues were willing to take responsibility. Many germans only learnt about the unbelievable extent of the crimes during the trial. On october 1st, 946, the sentences were handed down 3 acquittals, 3 life sentences for prison sentences, 12 death sentences were carried out shortly afterwards. The nuremberg trials became a historical milestone and they paved the way for the future International Criminal court in the hague. Joining me now is philip sands is a professor of laws and the director of the center on International Courts and tribunals at University College london. Mr. Sands, thanks for joining me. These trials were groundbreaking on so many levels, given the unique circumstances. What exactly was unique about the trial . Well, it was the 1st time in Human History that any International Criminal trial had taken place. So it truly was a 1st and they literally had to invent new crimes to apply to these defendants. You mention crimes against humanity, but of course it was on this day 75 years ago that the word genocide was 1st used because it was created as a war crime. So it was a wholly original process untried, untested completely new waters. And i want to talk to you further, but before we continue, lets listen to 2 men spoke to one an hour. Thats survivor. And the other, the son of a nazi deputy, they told us about the impact that these tribunals had on their lives. In 1904 peter guard was 14 years old when he, his mother and his sister, were deported to the auschwitz concentration camp. One year later, at the nuremberg trial, he recognised some of the men who sent them to the gas chamber. It was pure luck that he survived. I followed the trial and felt great satisfaction, that at least the main criminals were brought to justice by the allies, and that they finally received their just punishment. Nicholas frank also experienced an unexpected end to his carefree childhood. His father hunts frank was hitlers deputy in occupied poland. Hans was one of the main war criminals dubbed the butcher of poland. Nicholas was only 6 then. He was teased at school at school, some kids made up rhymes minister, minister gas canister. Because i was the son of a heist minister, but that wasnt so bad. In other words, said to me again, nicki nickie. That was my nickname. Your daddy will be hanged soon. So i just answered. Yes. Up until the very end, the main war criminals denied the systematic extermination of jews. They tried to deny everything and said they knew nothing. But during the trial, they were shown films of the concentration camps with the mountains of corpses. And afterwards, even putin himself was dazed. None of the accused at the nurnberg trial took credit for their actions. They pushed the responsibility up the chain of command. They said they only have bad orders. They blamed everything on hitler or himmler who were both dead by then. Nicholas father was sentenced to death. He isnt 11 more death sentences were carried out on october 16th, 1946 and at the movies. Back then they showed not how they were hung, but how they lay in their conference with the white and black stripes noose around their necks. And i thought they all deserved to wear that next time. Nicholas fong always carries a photo of his hanged father with him. And whenever he feels just a touch of pity for his dad, he thinks of auschwitz. And then he affirms the burdick of the nuremberg trial was just mr. Sounds. Were heading back to you now. How just were these trials . They were also controversial. Well, you know, im actually in nuremberg, ill be attending this ceremony tonight with the president stand by, which is a great honor for me. And it was interesting for me to listen to nick. He helped me a lot on my book east west street. I was very surprised. The 1st time i met him, he said to me, you know, felipe, im against the Death Penalty in all cases except in the case of my father. And as you report, right, you know, it considers it to be just look, it wasnt a perfect trial. There were curious rules, english barristers were not allowed to act for the defense. And the german lawyers who represented the defendants had never really done crossexamination before in that english style. So it was far from perfect. Im not starry eyed about it, but it was a lot better than the alternative, which was churchills idea of lining up the defendant. And shooting them and what he did was it created the idea of justice in the courtroom. And of course, if we did not have nuremberg, we would not have had everything that was followed in terms of rwanda and yugoslavia and all sorts of other international arrivals. Or indeed, i want to ask you about that too. How important were the nuremberg trials for international law, or as we know it today . Absolutely. Crucial. All roads lead to new york, but, you know, last december i was in the International Court of justice in the hague. I was doing the case for the gambia against me and mall in relation to the treatment, the allegations of genocide against the Rohingya Community and sitting a couple of seats down for me, which i did saying sushi nobel prize winner. She would not have been in court in the hague, but for the nuremberg trials, its a simple as that it changed. Indeed it did for having said that we of course, have the International Criminal criminal court in the hague, the i. C. C. , but with many world powers such as the u. S. To china, russia not, not recognizing it. How effective can it day . Well, its, you know, its early days, International Justice and International Criminal law. I think it is a very long day in 1905. The world changed for the 1st time states loans. They could not treat their citizens and they wished they could kill them. They couldnt torture them. Anymore, they couldnt disappear that the middle east, not in accordance with international law. And you cant expect a change of that kind. It was revolutionary to have an instant effect. And so i think its a couple of steps forward, a step sideways a step. Its a long game, but over the long run, the arc of history is towards justice. And i think over time, these countries that dont participate, the u. S. , russia, china will begin to get involved. Fascinating enforcing. Thats all we have time for professor philip sands. Thanks very much. For speaking to my flat or if they would give to the tennis now, rafael nadal has sealed his semifinal spot as he aims to win his 1st, a tape, a finals, and a closely contested match against defending champ. And stephanus sits a pass the world number 2 took the 1st set before his great cravell won the 2nd, but then let down bounce back claiming the 3rd set 6. Today. Hell face down a r medvedev in the final 4 on saturday. In 1000 data over the news, as a reminder of the top story were following, for you has begun its handover of several districts to azerbaijan. As part of a contentious peace accord, the russian brokered agreement ended weeks of fighting for his future region and around a corner aerobatic. Coming up next in the deed over the news, asia, australia troops allegedly murdered dozens during their deployment in afghanistan. Now afghans are demanding justice and farmers in bangladesh construct floating vegetable gardens to help their flooding problem that coming up next, my colleague there is damage enough. Dont forget, you can always get data when you do, dont go just download our app from google. Its the app store thatll give you access to all the latest news from around the world as well as push notifications for any breaking news. And if youre part of a news story, you can also use the data with you at to send us your photos and videos and want to have to wait a while. Ill be back with more headlines at the top of the hour. Im rebecca resist in. Thanks very much indeed to misery. In trying to devastating danley which destroyed the fitness even villages, the survivors started creating dollars from damage clause giving up was never an option. A story of success in 60 minutes, t w with a different language is we fight for different things. Thats fine. But we all speak up for freedom, freedom of speech, and freedom of press. Giving freedom for us. Global news that matters. W made for minds. Give us your country. People will make you rich, people will peak oil will take good care of my future. For 2 calls on the west coast in 2007. Years later, reality looks good for sure. Gonna st. Thomass starts coming up today. By australian troops. Executed dozens of afghans during deployments, calling for justice plus a flood of others to make the most of flooding. The protesters look at the newest accessory on the frontlines. Welcome. Glad you could join us. Cons of demanding accountability after that of muds. Australian troops allegedly killed at least 39 afghans in cold blood during deployments in afghanistan. A 4 year investigation by the Australian Defense forces found at the troops of elite army units were involved in dozens of unlawful killings which could amount to war crimes. Australian troops have been in afghanistan for nearly 20 years. A majority of the alleged murders were committed in 20122030. The alleged actions of Australian Forces in afghanistan are being described as one of the darkest chapters in the countrys military history. The defense minister Linda Reynolds made no secret of her revulsion at the report 2 weeks ago. And it made me physically ill. And it was very, very distressing raid. Because i know she said the consequences should be far reaching and doesnt represent. Its not just about the individuals who committed these allege and crimes, but its also lessons for throughout the china command within the i. D. F. , within defense. And there are also lessons, i think, for governments as well. So we have to accept it for what it is. This is not fog of war, things allegations of absolutely clear cut and war crimes. The troops are alleged to have unlawfully killed prisoners, farmers, and other civilians. Not in the heat of battle, but often as part of an initiation ritual for inexperienced soldiers called blooding. The head of the armed forces said it was deeply disturbing to the people of afghanistan on behalf of the Australian Defense force. I sincerely and unreservedly apologize for any wrongdoing by australian soldiers. Such alleged behavior profoundly disrespected the trust placed in us by the Afghan People who would ask just to their country to help them know he went along with the reports recommendations to refer 900 soldiers to potential prosecution. In afghanistan, the countrys human rights body is also calling for the perpetrators to stand trial. But the question remains when and where the victims will get justice. Joining me now from head out there in western afghanistan is journalist arlene at the feet of donna stones human rights body, has called for prosecutions of the soldiers. But what does the government stand to be honest, the government has been very quiet so far. Theyve essentially just issued a statement saying that the australians made this Information Available that they apologized, that they, you know, put in the effort to put out this report. But they havent actually taken any kind of a hard and on australia and they havent asked for any specific prosecution or any other kind of recompense. Theyve just acknowledged this report exists. What is the reason behind this focus and to be quite honest that ive won government is in a position where they have to keep foreign governments have to be, you know, at the end of this month will be the chain of a conference. And then that conference, different donor nations, including australia, will decide how much money they want to give up on us on. And a lot, few days theyve issued a report detailing exactly what they expect the on government to do on one government doesnt feel like theyre in a position to really call for anything from these foreign governments from which they are getting aid military. Its a sense as a sense with the training of their military and also part of the reason might be that all of australias combat forces are now out of on this thought. So theres not really much that they can hold them accountable to here. And the government just is reticent to, you know, really rattle any cages in any foreign capitals. And youve also been speaking to people in afghanistan about the findings of this report. What people have been telling you its not surprising. Its absolutely not surprising because weve had similar, this is what the germans income does with the United States and condos and other provinces. Weve had it with i want government top on where there have been drone strikes, air strikes or there have been night raids where there have been reports of abuse in prisons and detention. So none of this is unfortunately rare or new. The one thing that theyre saying is that, you know, this should be further proof that these, this is not an isolated case. This is not just something going on with australians. We have to hold every count, country accountable for these kinds of actions. But there has to be full prosecutions. How confident are people that prosecutions eventually well be counted out. Theres blood. There is the likelihood that the prosecutions will be carried out. For instance, with the case of robert bales who had 2012, went to a village and con dog killed, you know, resident women and children. And that night they called for him to be tried here, but he ended up being tried in the United States. And again, when he was tried in the United States in 2013, i want people wanted him put to death. Well, all he got what he got was life in prison. And so there is confidence that a trial could happen, but the outcome of the trial is whats really important to the people. Right, pretty even there for the time being. I mean, if youre speaking to us from head up and just watch the flood stats from spawning that theres this summer and in previous years, foreshadow what people there can expect from climate change, farmland is disappearing, making it harder to raise crops that we feed the countrys growing population, but fumbles in the Southern Province of bunsen have revived an old technique to keep their fortunes afloat. Every year, the monsoon rains, flood more and more land in southern bangladesh. Oh, by dhamaal as vegetable fields now, floods for 8 months of the year. But model has found a solution, is vegetable patches. Now float a top, the waist high, water i go, i watched my father do this. He had some plants on the water. But back then it wasnt systematic. We developed it further. We have no choice but to do this if we dont want to go hungry around that. Milo, i guess he at 1st mama had to get used to life in and on the water but is efforts of borne fruit. The squash is growing faster than ever before. He will soon be able to harvest a managed opposite of the crops grown on the water, tastes better and have more vitamins. We dont need any artificial fertilizers or compost here. Thats why these vegetables are better than the ones that grow on the land. Much better. Among already has new seedlings growing near by the roots, tap nutrients directly from the water. They are grown in compost, which is some light that it floats. There is hardly any current here, so the vegetable patches which are held together with nets gently float on the water. Bangladeshs government subsidizes floating farms, spinach, tomatoes, cauliflower and squash. A 3rd of the land could soon be flooded because of climate change. The floating gardens, which have been limited to this relatively small area, could become a model for the whole of bangladesh. More than about whether to do it on the bangladesh still produces enough food to feed itself. What we dont have enough of is safe foods. That is, foods that are not contaminated with pollutants, therefore these gardens make a key contribution. Since the farmers here use far fewer pesticides as there are fewer passed on the water, thats an advantage for obama. At the local wholesale market, he not only sells his product. He also sells seedlings to other farmers here in the equivalent of 300. 00 euros per month. 3 times the average in this region. For him, switching to a floating farm has been worth it that the seedlings that are grown on the land are weaker. Ours are more resistant and they look fresher. Thats why we sell more than the land based farmers do. Our water seedli