Current agreements relating to climate change are said to be ineffective since they are unenforceable Climate Clubs for a Sustainable Future: The Role of International Trade, by Professor Rafael Leal-Arcas, argues that making use of existing trading systems is far more effective than initiatives such as the Paris Agreement when it comes to tackling climate change. The research demonstrates that current agreements relating to climate change are ineffective since they are unenforceable. The book sets out why a trading approach to climate change will have more of an impact since they are enforceable. Shift from responsibility to enforceability According to the research, current climate change discussions and agreements, including the Kyoto Protocol, have placed emphasis on ‘responsibility’ that has divided developed and developing nations, but has also been unenforceable.