Human Rights Watch also reviewed satellite remote sensing data of tropospheric NO₂ concentrations from Copernicus’ Sentinel-5 dataset for September 2023. Though tropospheric values cannot be used to assess the air quality at the ground level, they provide insights at a global scale and useful information on areas not covered by ground sensor stations. Human Rights Watch reviewed air quality monitoring data provided by the AirNow Platform which contains historical data on PM2.5 concentration