Before our interview, Ntobeko Ntusi, Chair and Head of the Department of Medicine at the University of Cape Town (UCT) and Groote Schuur Hospital, South Africa, had been doing a bedside tutorial with students. He highlighted the different way they had presented the Black and White patients. “I asked the students why it is important to clarify the HIV status of Black patients when you present them when it has no bearing on their clinical presentation. And you can see the dumbfounded faces because it's not something they do consciously, but these biases are so in-built, even at this young age”, he says.