That is where Toyota has had an edge this year. Building on its experience following Japan’s 2011 earthquake, Toyota eased away from a strict application of its just-in-time production system, in which parts are delivered to factories right as they are needed. It has said it built up a four-month stockpile of chips and other key parts. While other car makers were shutting down factories because of the shortages, Toyota was nearly unaffected, according to research firm LMC Automotive. Toyota’s factories have run at over 90% capacity so far this year, compared with 50% to 60% for most of its rivals, according to LMC data.