Take. Monday to Thursday so. AM an F.M. Around the U.K. On digital and online abroad Shotwell Paul Knight. The news Princess Charlotte a younger child of the. Cambridge is good it starts school day the thing that strikes me as extraordinary. Is that she is starting school and Battersea at the age of 4 and. Almost 4 and a half so she's on the young side. It takes me by force my 1st day of school I still vividly remember they scratched the Navy will a nice saw us on the too long sharks and the cap and the blazer and the school bike they put school bikes on your couldn't park that one a tall by had to carry stuff if all I was going to do was go and sit in a desk you know what can you do you're the victim I think when you go to school on your 1st day and you've just got to suck up however here's somebody who's probably forgotten side like it's Dr Caro are you there. Doctor wrote how fabulous to speak with you again and how engaging to hear your memories of your 1st day at school oh as we had also like to call it baby child baby jail Exactly exactly so now I had to wear wool everything was wool my my of course it was good sort of a cooler where I went to school and where you went to school I daresay but I do wear wool and jumper. I think it was even wool in the shower they were sadly wool in the shards and o'boy was or will in the sauce You by contrast probably where it delightfully cool stuff and right around and sandals. I did introduce a stall at school that I found absolutely wonderful was in primary school which was the combination of sandals with socks because if you wore sandals by themselves in the hot weather your feet would switch and if you wore shoes with socks you would also sweat but if you're sandals with sockless which would be whipped out of to saw it and I do not know why I always looked down upon as some sort of fashion tragic maybe even today my daughter tells me that this is not a good fashion look but maybe in a century or so people realise that function can often be more important than form Wow I mean I'm just looking at you in one of your many Shar and it's kind of it's a bit Mondrian the shirt I would say is where it's predominantly red and pink. And a bit green and a bit orange and this is sent to me always from Australia by Paul Farmer les paul of Shropshire who has no ever grated to be with the love of his life in Sydney and he says he had fun watching your new presentation was your coconspirator Dr Great Lewis who he was hero institution what a Christmas type was doing 2 shows I'm doing one in early October with Professor Grange Lewis who's a real physicist again and things such as what is spaghettification when something falls into a black hole so he's an interesting guy in that he was on the incredibly small subatomic physics particle physics and the incredibly large He jumped to that into cosmology says got a very broad background big on black hole so he in we came with a show called The car of electrons which will be presenting in early October in the road situation as well as doing stuff at the new Saunders fair and they'll be coming back for another show in late December doing my Christmas show at the road situation do come along have a good time very good well of course I saw fond memories not of your show of coming to meet. Such nice people are very very very hospitable I want I want to tax you about the color of an electron because that's going to take a long time besides I'd rather hear about it later by we'll ask you about your cats environmental footprint which is apparently rather too big. I was surprised always learning and it turns out that in the United States would use use that because this is a big country and very common to take a dominant role in environmental issues the United States has roughly a bit over 300000000 people and has about half that number of cats and dogs the environmental footprint all Paul print Haw-Haw is that the cats and dogs numbering about half the human population about 20 percent as many calories as the humans do but they have about 30 percent as many make to RAW of protein calories as the humans cause cats and dogs a bit more Conover's than way out and surprisingly produce about one 3rd of the mass of the waste of the feces that humans do now with human feces they end up in treatment plants and hopefully get in some way recycled Where is animal feces end up in these MUP of the world in plastic bags and then in landfill and looking at the environmental poor print it varies between about 110th and one half of a car. Depending on what you're looking at the So if you're looking for example at the carbon dioxide and methane outputs it's about the same as drawing $40000000.00 cars if you look at the food they eat is about how off of what a human consumes in terms of land area how the cats and dogs do have many fine advantages their pet animal and they provide comfort and Sokka they will save on heating if you go to very large Labrador dog which can long you've been in the middle of winter or alternatively lean up against a hole in the Will wall through which the wind blows and also they can encourage you to walk to the shops with a bigger during which being all eyes rather than driving so they have an important social function so I'm not putting them down as a total waste poem environment Well it's good it's good to hear but you know. It's a complicated thing isn't it because you know responsible pet owners cleaned up off the pad and then they put the little back in the dog poop bed or that it self is creating a bit of environmental waste it is the mobile just take your lesson from Paris selfless the early from colleges to about 400 years ago said in your old drugs of poisons What matters is the does and then from that example go to the middle for all of we old the state of the universe and that's it so just by being a law if we disturb the universe we change what would otherwise be bobbing a lot and so if you then take an overall view you then look at the world around you and then try to create minimum disharmony maximum happiness and so with your god to go on a picnic you take the stuff with you to you to the people here you take it back you try to minimize the amount of environmental impact that you and your pets have on the world once you know about it was a god to plastic you try to do what you can once you know about it so we are going to disturb the universe as you try and do it in the best fashion we can good example here is the one year old by absolutely beautiful like a little baby smelling gorgeous just thawing taking away happily trying to roll around but what you don't see is all of the vomit the baby has put upon your clothes and all the poor nappies that has been generated so out of disorder we create a small amount of order let's enjoy that order and try to create in the must have been his way out of no red sky at night. The light or shepherd's the light we used to say shepherd's delight. Is a true. And and this been wondering about this for a long time and reading various explanations and never really understanding them they said a bunch of words other believe the words since I stopped looking at the mode for get with the words were I would be able to regenerate them again from scratch so that was proof I didn't understand was going on and funnier rids something out of Randall man rose book what he is or so I have to buy He's the creator of X K C D Have you seen that web cartoon X. Case a day no no no OK just top it case a day it's he deliberately chose it as something you cannot pronounce you can't exclude it you've got to actually say it's case in a case and it's a very clever slightly sort of teaches the evil cartoon very funny and he's trained as a physicist saw Disney's work for NASA and in this particular book he explains absurd common. Scientific advice for common real world problems so for example had you change a lightbulb don't get a ladder to go out and invent 2 quad copters bought 100 foot hover in the air Rod is a noise absurd scientific solution to a fairly simple problem and he gave the editors a read Scott not. SILAS the lot which is the 1st one I've ever understood now by the way we should just do a little detour here and tell you that this sighting has 1st he works only in that part of the world with the weather goes from the west to the east so it doesn't work at the Quite a dozen within the tropics but for about 20 to about 50 degrees are the north or south the with a comes from the west to the SO works it knows with a bad C. Say yeah OK with it so far. I say Good thing it's been around for so long that it probably works and the way we know it's been around for so long is that is actually in the Bible let me quote men. You Chapter 16 verse 2 to 3 when it is evening you say it will be fair weather for the sky is red and then they do the other one and in the morning it will be foul weather today the sky is red and lowering So let's just do the 1st one and I'll do the 1st one because I think that one's easier to understand than the 2nd one red sky it not OK so you need to know that the atmosphere. Been blue a lot it defrags blue a lot away from you so if you're looking at a patch of sky with the sun is not. A molecule is there emitting blue a lot says and someone has fallen on that and the molecule has been excited. And then. It absorbed in the sunlight and then it gave out the radiation from the sun it was 2 changes Firstly it came at a right angles Secondly it came out more blue so we kind of need to understand why the sky is blue and it's called rally's law you can't explain it in words of any language there anyway which it will respond is a language called mathematics you go through the math make you do and say Are you obviously the light comes out at right angles and little bit more blue so the more that some laud travels through the atmosphere the more that the blue lot is scattered away. And that's what you say when you look at a bit of the sky with there is no sun I just get that information you had now again to look at the sun the sun is setting and by the way very important is not red sun at night it's red scar the sun is always writ so the sun is setting and it's dropping through progressive rethink of bands of atmosphere until at the moment when he kisses the horizon there's about $22.00 times more atmosphere that the somebody is passing through than it normally does when a straight about View and then the sun keeps on sitting below the horizon there's no sun in the sky. Now let's assume that you're looking over in the west because that's where the sun sets and assume that there's a red light you're now seeing flooding over the sky and it's coming over the horizon this red light and landing on the clouds above you there are clouds above you there fans above you and this ridge lot is coming around the curve of the earth that the only way to the red light can come around the curve of the earth hundreds and hundreds of kilometers is if there are no clouds if there are clouds I would block the sun lot but there are no clouds to the west of you there are no clouds the proof is that the summit is coming around the curve of the earth and hitting the clouds above your head and making them read. Well if there's no clouds to the west of you there's probably not going to be any right that's it red sky at night notice not resign red sky is not. Events go I silence the light because between the sun which is a 1000 kilometers over the horizon and directly above you with the clouds and there are no clouds there are no clouds the some odd can come unimpeded and then hit with this redness because going through so much atmosphere the blue dots being scared off with this redness hit the clouds above you and they glow red the sky is red regard not means that there are no clouds the west of you for the next day the day after that that's different but for the next day you're OK because the way the moves that slow the car drives a bit faster than the human walks say OK so you got a red sky the clouds above you are red that means that the summit is coming towards you not hit by clouds and if I go to read Scott not and if that notice is slowly making a little bit of sense good to be fair I will just stop right there Dr on oh well it's got to make some sense for someone listening and I think that I get it I think I get it anyway if I just if I stop and say no clouds I think that's that works for me that yeah but I think a poem scientific explanations as being a little bit like gymnastics or sex at one stage things are out of control you know I was going off on you upside down and then a little bit like he got thrown for everything I can You got a nice warm feeling from what happened and so if you walk away from a lecture thinking I think I do understand trans finite numbers and if they glow fades away well it's like the glow that you get off to gymnastics you feel good for walking goes away and with repeated exposure you will change your brain so begins to make sense. Well may I remind everyone of our text number which is a 5058 phone number which is. 4 numbers over here 590-9693 e-mail it's remains up all night at B.B.C. The C.E.O. Dot U.K. And from Dave we have a message says Dear Dr Karl our emissions from Mobile forward base stations dangerous to people living nearby. No. Emissions electromagnetic emissions dangerous when they on noise atoms the book is cold the flaw in a cathedral I forget the author of it it's a lovely book and think of your typical European Cathedral the flaw is the center of the atom then the nucleus there's a lot of empty space then there's electrons out with the walls of the cathedral and if the electromagnetic radiation has enough energy to knock off an electron it then turns the atom into an on it knocks of an electron the atom is the electrons gone the atom now is charge it can cause cancer and that happens around ultraviolet so I can show involve a lot on you old day and nothing will happen but if I show an ultraviolet light on you you'll get a skin cancer the current safety standards around $160.00 Milli watts per When I want to feel what is I think is 1.6 watts per kilogram How do they get those safety standards they reckon on he not he's got a bunch of mobile phones if we're going to have some sort of standard what are we going to choose would you have no idea I've got no idea and they said OK if it causes one degree of your foolish then that is too much sort of like an opera number of the age when for one degree and they in a very sort of a grade year say OK Want to graze too much and they said OK let's put in a safety factor let's reduce that by 50 so the amount of radiation given off by a mobile phone when it's operating for talk about the base station a phone next to a head or your flesh away if you've got it in your own chest is putting out 1.6 watts per kilogram of flesh and that will if you continuously warm up your flesh by 150th of a degree it will cause a heating effect that has not been proven to cause cancer the same one vice Aisha's of a. Agree that's right so one point so I remember in an Audi not as they chose truly one degree was in temperature of the flesh as the safety limit and they would for $150000.00 now there's an article in The Chicago Tribune where the phones have been tested by a person who's also was to test them is not just some backyard person the big government authorized and they found that quite a few of the phones were pretty have twice as much ready Asian but this is not on I was in radiation but this is a separate issue so the way that it works according to the article in The Chicago Tribune is that the manufacturer submit one phone to the testing body to feel government has the body now that seems so wrong they could deliberately fake up a fund to have very low emissions sites would be the government testing body bars and read a half dozen phones and then test them or chooses from the production line half a dozen phones at random but be that as it may says running it may be 2 or 3 times the maximum So that's 2 fifties or 3 fifths of a degree say still getting a heating effect but differing not a cancer effect and so with the mobile base stations I think that putting out 100 watts and as opposed to the fraction of a what that your phone is putting out if we had 100 watts but that is was again or will cause is a microscopic heating effect and for the last century you can go anywhere in the world and put up an antenna and pick up shortwave radio we have been bad heat in non on noising electromagnetic radiation for a century we're just not seeing the cancer epidemic which is not. It does it does raise a question I'm sure of it will raise a question for people about all this have generational stuff and I can still remember an interview doing with somebody for 5 months ago who was raising all sorts of alarms about the very short waves microwaves in 5th generation mobile phone systems and talking about the health risks associated Have you any. You know information or ideas on that yes I've actually written major article for the V.C. In a strike on foggy radiation so just go talk to Col A B C G And you find that article and even it Mark why why feelings it is still a 1000000 times lower than the frequency that causes cancer which is volatile so yes it can cause heating the Mako as can be absorbed and when they get absorbed they do cause global heating never been caused have been proven to have any health effects the current generation of phones run at 3 G. For point. Non 0.8 of a gigahertz or 4 G. It is a $1.00 D. Hers and then when we move over to the fogey will be running from about. 2 to 60 gigahertz and about 20 gigahertz up but that's nowhere near as a 1000000 times less than the frequency of the radiation that causes heating that infrared and then at the other end ultraviolence a 1000000 times less there are some people clock making various claims that it causes. Voltage gated calcium channels and in people then extrapolate that into some sort of psychological shake. This one person called Dr Martin L. Pole pay double L. Who has been putting submissions to the United States if they see. And various Canadian and U.K. Telecoms and the overall opinion of the professional people in the field is the thought of someone see sounding inaccuracy this Dr Pell is the only person who claims to have found voltage gated calcium channels and it doesn't appear elsewhere . In the scientific literature in fact he hasn't been published in the scientific literature on this. Interesting I mean I just follow this up because shot in Cumbria has sent us a note she said if I use a fairly low C R rating for one I guess my head's essay on what Ceci are surfeit I'm guessing stuff is absorbed radiation so we're going to listen when the question against my head and all I can think in other words the way that I suppose most of us still use a phone which has stuck up to our year now Shannon says I can use it for maybe half an hour before I begin to feel I'm being cooked is that just a kind of you know is that. An impression or you know phones after all do he top with you. I've sadly had my by phone get hot doing various toss that is correct so the 1st aspect is that it is an electromagnet it is an electrical device it doesn't work at 100 percent efficiency so it does generate waste heat the 2nd factor is that you've got this block of insulating material about the saws of the palm of your hand and may be said to me to think up against your head so any heat generated inside your head isn't going to escape little detail here your brain weighs 2 percent of your body white generates 20 percent of your heat 20 watts so it is normal to fill some heat. But there's never been associated with any proven health effects are you extra sensitive Dr Scheiner for Shawn to this yeah. If people are sensitive and