Tackle serious recruitment problems with 75 percent of dental practices last year struggling to fill vacancies a man is taking part in a half Martin in North Wales this morning have been told they'll be disqualified if they drop Lissa organizers of the race in Conway says because plastic is becoming an increasing problem Rob Schofield has the sport Wales boss Ryan Giggs says his side are gaining momentum after beating Azerbaijan 2 No in back you it means a win over hungry in Cardiff on Tuesday will qualify them for Euro 2020 and they won't have to rely on coming through a playoff that is what awaits Northern Ireland in March though their slim automatic qualification hopes ended in a goalless draw with the Netherlands Windsor Park Captain Steven Davis missed a 1st half penalty Steve Clarke meanwhile has described his Scotland side as a work in progress as they look ahead to their playoff goals from Ron Christie and John McGinn saw them win 21 away to Cyprus Dominic team will play Stephane off sits a pass for the title at the a.t.p. Finals in London he be defending champion Alexander spare of in straight sets after sits pass or Roger Federer Max will stop and beat Sebastian Vettel to pole position for the Brazilian Grand Prix champion Lewis Hamilton came in 3rd fastest in qualifying on England's women scored a last minute try to beat France in their autumn international this weekend of 5 days this is nice little role with them all join me in some big gas as we settle in kick back and she will back everything that's bad our imagination this week Taylor Hawkins is the German in the few fighters to my parents like. My dad was nonplussed to say the least he was never really happy about the drumming until I bought a house. Did the new sound studio we came slowly this morning for the same p.c. Brady is fully 5 in an hour or 55 it's breakfast with Sarah pressing Chris Warburton 1st his 5 Live Science with the naked scientists. This is a prerecorded program so please don't text or call us. Hello welcome to 5 Live Science I'm Chris Smith from The Naked scientists in the program this week the new solo material that promises to revolutionize renewable electricity generation how hick ups have evolved to help us learn and use 3 d. T.v. Coming to a screen new year plus if we have diseases that impact on the tablets and will be able to act different molecules and those can be taxed and blocked some can be detected in sweat in urine and also in breath how the field of fin omic is set to totally change the way that we do medicine that make it scientists are 5 Live Up 1st this week solar power makes a very important contribution to renewable energy production but the present generation of p.v. Or photo voltaic panels are based on extremely heavy chunks of silicon these are the big blank slabs that you see on the roofs of houses and not only do they cost a lot in energy terms to make and install but also be a hefty recycling cost to pay in a few years time when they need replacing which means that the discovery by Cambridge University scientists of a new panel material known as Perot skite that works as well as silicon but he so thin you can spray it onto a surface is very welcome news Sascha Feldman prostate as a new class of crystal in structure that is based on a mixture of organic and inorganic building blocks in terms of its ability to generate electricity Well the basic principle be the same it will to some extent we will still absorb sunlight and the energy that light carries well then generates occurrence that we can use to store electrical energy but the way this one works slightly different in that usually you would expect for something like silicon very precisely engines atomic crystal structure where every atoms that's exactly where it's supposed to be that matters because if you absorb light and generate charges you also. To extract those charges and get them out of this material so you don't want them to be stuck at disordered sites but here we now have actual disorder that we want to be there because it hurts to localize these charges what's the material the prof's got even vented made from so there's quite the mixture of difference i incident there but most pronounced let And I would do it and then also some bromide they serve assemble in through a very disordered and actually dense cape you can think of the mountain and valley kind of structure and this material and the charges will just roll down to the minimum which was the valley and they are they were just accumulates and we get more and more of them and then we extract them very easily so when you say you you get a landscape you get peaks in the mountains and then valleys and dips between them so itself assembles into that sort of architecture into energy terms and when the sunlight hits it the charge is all rolled down might rain water going into the valley and you get a puddle there rather like we would tap off a river you can tap off the flow of charges that have collected there exactly that's exactly right and the funny thing is we did not anticipate that this would happen we actually wanted to make a very flat landscape and just found this to assemble in this way but then we found out that as you said it's actually easier to extract from these filter charge bottles How do you for want of a better phrase get a pipe into the puddle than to draw off the charge if it's so disorganized how do you know where those puddles are going to be and therefore how do you get at the charge we actually do and so if we just randomly Petter and substrates and then hope that some of these patterns actually aligns with our electrodes at the bottom but due to the fact that these are so incredibly thin which is just 290 meters or so or 1000th of the diameter awful human hair it's quite easy to just somewhere have an electrode sitting because these bottles are still quite small I suppose a massive advantage is given it's so thin compared with a massive slab of silicon we currently put on the roof where you got a raise of. Solar panels weighing a ton or so to generate a modest amount of electricity this is going to be extremely light so there must be enormous numbers of benefits of not having strong heavy materials no have to recycle enormously having materials except where they come from this yes so you can imagine actually something like flexible electronics from this because we work on such thin firms we can just print them like an inkjet printer on top of plastic substrate so to say and you could even integrate them in something like a jacket for example and then your jacket that you were actually powers your phone and the answer would be the 3 very impressive such a Feldman and the work that we were discussing there appeared in the journal Nature photonics earlier this week and next up this should be a very familiar noise. Hiccups are uncomfortable and they always seem to happen at the worst times don't they and this will really a clear explanation for why we even have them the just involuntary spasms of the diaphragm that don't seem to have a purpose but new evidence suggests that for babies pickups might actually be helping their brains to develop meaning the adults might get them as a relic from our infancy when they were genuinely useful u.c.l. Scientists have suggested this off to looking at 13 babies who happened to be hiccupping while their brains were being scanned for other reasons what they found were big spikes in the brain activity that they think might help the babies to figure out what parts of their bodies a lot feel Sansom got the full story from lead author Kim Whitehead. So what we've found is that when infants have a hiccup they have a large change in brain activity immediately after the head so that suggests that the information that they received from how the hiccup feel is entering the cortex pot to that right is that them sensing their own hiccup basically their way that we would interpret it yes is that the information from the feel of the diaphragm muscle contracting and potentially the sound that a hiccup makes the hick noise. Is reaching the brain and being processed by the brain by these young babies and because we have a little sense on the belly is. We were able to look at the brain activity in real time to see whether this ticket changes the brain activity that was ongoing immediately prior to the HCA did you have to wait a while for them to hit up because I'm I right the babies are quite big he covers right exactly it will of allies on the fact that baby's a big hit Capus So this was a retrospective analysis we started to become interested in and I realized that some of the babies hiccupped by chance spontaneously during the recordings that were being acquired full of the scientific questions because they hiccup so often so they hiccup about one percent of the day just by chance by recording brain activity from about an hour for a large portion of infants we were kept just now that they used these hiccups during our experimental protocol got it so you've got your babies with the sensor on their chest but how do you measure what's going on in their brains. So he's a technique called e.g. And it's on to electric in caps lock a free and basically is able to record the ongoing electrical activity in the brain say electrical signals is how brain cells talk to each other but we can look at whether things are happening in the baby or things that the baby generates themselves like a hiccup change that ongoing activity so that e.g. Is completely painless we can record it from the skull or the senses and the great thing about it is that it allows us to see brain activity change millisecond by millisecond spots the level of 1000th of a 2nd so we see it increase a little in brain activity and it's distributed into 3 separate brain waves that look quite distinct and what we've seen from the aspects of a reset is that when the brain processes sensory information it wants to get multiple of information say for example it might want to process where in the body that came from and then days later brain waves a still a source of a lot of research interest the dep attention they about gathering extra sensory information say other things happening at the same time is this sensory input that we're receiving what aspects of the sensory input can be classifying the brain and then what are the consequences of big like spikes in brain activity when you're hiccupping for babies. So we would die by cover late ting brain activity during the Natal patriot with outcome in babies that brain activity is covered with different outcome for example and the milestones at school when an Epi be crazy but that's really just a combination of say with human data it's difficult to prove what is causally related to brain development but based on people who work with animal models of development in an early life they suggest that these big really big brain waves every typical of the ele life periods they help to strengthen sensory networks in the brain at a time when the brain is is just starting to establish the networks that I was talking about that we have a network for touch in that way for make to control except trauma and it's useful for the im a chill brain to have a huge brain wave Well lots of brain cells x. Rated at the same time by a sensory stimulus because it helps them to link an experience that happens at the body surface so that the muscles of the body helps to link that with brain pathways and we all need that as we grow up in order to be aware of our surroundings be able to in Texas and see signals so the hiccups might be really good for the developing baby brain we think that they may have a role in the developing baby brain exactly does that mean that if your baby is hiccuping then maybe instead of giving them a like a backpack and trying to stop them maybe it's best to let the hiccups keep coming. Secondly we don't have any evidence that in a healthy And there's anything wrong with hip hiccupping and of AA that the the the opposite that they could play a role in brain development so I think that when we see an infant hiccupping we have to think about how we feel when we pick up so it's annoying as can be embarrassing in social situations if you get the hiccups a meal out but maybe the hiccups in any friends are different to hiccups in an adult they already a much more frequent and it may be that an adult and maybe when we see an infant hiccupping we can think about they take up the slightly different way. Ahead his study I'm sure went without a cup that's all been published this week in scientific reports listening to 5 Live Science with me Chris Smith still to come scientists create convincing 3 d. T.v. That you don't need dodgy glasses to watch an always on the brink of a revolution in medicine before that though a vaccine that a computer tech to gets defection with the skin bacteria stuff will caucus or Reus which causes everything from wound and joint infection through to him to Tycho in pneumonia has been announced by scientists in the us now apart from increasing rates of antibiotic resistance what makes staph infections hard to treat at the moment is the microbes surround themselves with a slimy layer called a biofilm and this protects them from the immune system and from and to microbial drugs to prevent the bugs from being able to do this in the 1st place Jeanette herro looked at what proteins the bacteria produce when they infect and she's turned those proteins into her vaccine Staphylococcus aureus the bacteria that causes a lot of infectious disease patients and what this organism has the ability to do is form which is a unity of bacteria here either you know or some sort it will a medical device placed in the patient and when that happens they're very difficult to treat with antibiotics so what we start to do was to develop a vaccine to get 2 or 2. To the tension lead prevent them from getting a staff action is the rationale for this then that one gives the vaccine before they would come into contact with the staff or wrists and therefore they're protected so that the bacteria never get a chance to form one of these very resistant biofilms That's correct so ideally what would happen is a patient that would be going in for an elective surgery would be a good candidate and is easily sort of seen and then that way there was any potential bacteria that was in the wound it wouldn't get infection. How long does it take for the vaccine to to have an effect on an individual because I could see that working if someone was planning some surgery sometime in advance but obviously many people who come into contact have a brush with stuff or is there might be for instance a trauma victim them I've been run over or had had some lacerations or something and there wouldn't be time absolutely so typically this would be most beneficial for someone who's I mean elective surgery because the response to an immunization takes about 14 days that means that there is a potential for a trauma victim to also have some benefit from this if they were given it immediately but ideally we are looking at elective surgeries and what's the nature of the protection when you give the vaccine what does it do to the person's immune system I mean they're protected where previously they weren't for Exene in particular we have and you know about a response to proteins that are reduced when the bacteria are in a free floating and also when they are in a while form where they are growing as a community and they're protected in the slime matrix so how did you home in on these particular proteins as good targets for this particular therapy with this strain that we isolated out of it and we saw that and we in fact did rabbits and what we were looking for were proteins that were expressed during that infection and then picked those that could be recognized by antibodies that were produced during the infection or clever So you're looking at both what the bacteria produce and then asking what antibodies does the animal amount against it's even you knew what the target was and what the response was and then you said that's what we're going to try and make the body make correct we also proteins that are expressed in many different types of stuff because for its strengths and if this were a clinical situation how much better would this be than going business as usual at the moment we try and treat these infections with antibiotics don't we so how. Much advantage would be conferred by vaccinating over the gold standard therapy as it stands at the moment potentially a lot in the animal models for seeing about 2 thirds the animals are protected against the bacteria we don't know how that's going to translate in humans for Marvel different reasons one of them is that we do infection levels in animals we use a lot of bacteria obviously in the clinic patients when be exposed to that many bacteria so we're hopeful that the vaccine will have a better protective advantage for patients how do you know given that you pick your targets based on an infection in a rabbit that a rabbit responds against staff or eous in the same way that a human immune system would is there a possibility that the targets in a rabbit could be quite different there is a possibility that the rabbit targets could be different there is a lot of other evidence in the scientific literature that indicates that ease proteins are expressed and you know and issues that are affected with stuff or eous do produce antibodies to those particular proteins so there is evidence in the literature these are proteins that are being recognized I human immune response which is very good news and let's hope that she can get into the clinic soon that was Jeanette her oh she's at the University of Maryland Baltimore and the work was published in The Journal infection and immunity. Vitamin a deficiency is the leading cause of preventable blindness in Kids Worldwide 40 fine foods is one solution but things aren't heat u.v. Moisture and prolonged cooking can degrade additives and minerals so they can no longer help but this week scientists in the u.s. Announced the creation of a soluble palm a capsule that can be wrapped around my canoe trip molecules to shield them and prevent degradation it only breaks down and release its cargo when it comes into contact with stomach acid k.t. Halo Hood how it works from Creator and the Jew clinic in storage vitamin a can the grade from u.v. Light oxidize and of course moisture and heat can also help the greater the molecule and if it's stored in a food it can interact with different things in the food which could potentially accelerate this. Our idea was to encapsulate it so shield the molecule from u.v. Light from other things that it's stored with and then similarly while it's cooking it can be shielded for the other cooking medians chemically What is this thing kept in material because it's having to do quite a few jobs at the same time yes the material we're using is a polymer that is solid and when it's in water when it gets to really low ph it will dissolve and become fully sayable And so we use this material to form a physical barrier about the micronutrient in some cases it can actually form certain interactions within my connection to make a very stable capsule accent if it's solid in water in ph neutral conditions and then it becomes what liquid or dissolves in high acid conditions those are what you would have in the stomach right correct part of that is the properties of the polymer it's able to repel water because of this sort of physical barrier if you imagine it's a matrix structure so it's sort of a solid wooden volume if you will and throughout it is the micro. Micronutrient how well does it would what did your tests reveal about that when we do a boiling test for 2 hours if it's not encapsulated a vitamin is comp