one recent study really jumped out at me. by the folks at carnegie, particularly jennifer mccoy and ben press and it's on what they call pernicious polarization. and how it's affected other democracies around the world. they define pernicious polarization as basically when someone's partisan identity starts affecting their oeshl identity, which is certainly something we are seeing here in the united states. and they looked at 52 countries around the world since 1950 that -- where polarization has impacted democracy negatively. has degraded democracy. and here is what they found. half the countries -- only half the countries managed to pull out of that death spiral. the united states is far and away the most developed, long-standing democracy out of any in this group. but some lessons from that group are absolutely worth looking to, and particularly i point to election reforms that emphasized increased choice and representation as a way of depolarizing the debates.