reaffirm the commitment to collective self-defense. article v of the nato treaty, any attack on one is an attack on all. that will be very clear. but what putin will be listening for, what does this mean about ukraine? what is nato prepared to do? what are they not prepared to do? and here i think nato needs to send some very serious messages to putin, particularly about civilian casualties and about reframing from the use of any nuclear or chemical or biological weapons. >> obviously it's so important not only because of the tragedy that could occur, but i also wonder about the desperation we're seeing. as many on the ground have described, they're not fighting troop. they are attacking civilians. it says if he doesn't have the russian military preparedness, obviously should have been there had he wanted to engage in this horrible unjustified engagement, it suggests that he was unprepared and therefore desperate going forward. if he is desperate, does that