Tv. And on American History tv on cspan3. The cspan cities tour, working with our cable affiliates across the country. Coming up next on cspan, a discussion on women and Foreign Policy. A i you and security United Nations security meeting. And then every clinton in new hampshire. A mbush school at texas recently hosted a conference on women and Foreign Policy. It included opening remarks and a conversation with former undersecretary of defense michele flournoy. Engagement in World Affairs and efforts to make the military more inclusive the women. This is one hour and 15 minutes. Today is the 14th anniversary of the 9 11 attack. Which thrust the u. S. Into a global war on terror. This month is also the 20th anniversary of the United Nations conference on women in china, were Hillary Clinton one day the u. S. Secretary of the state she asserted that womens rights are human rights. And human rights are womens rights. And girls and women all over the globe know that now. In a way that perhaps we did not know back in 1995. This month is also the 15th anniversary of you in Security Council resolution 1325. Which obligated nations, and not just ask pretty please, but obligated nations to include women in all peace negotiations and postconflict reconstruction. So the last decade and a half or so has been a time of great change. Are these anniversaries related . I think they are. I dont think it was a coincidence that young men from nations where women do not enjoy the full spectrum of rights as embodied in the convention on all forms of discrimination against women, with that is an issue. I dont think that is a coincidence at all. Has said, itinberg has become my favorite quote of the last year, and you can see that we invited him. Because he wanted to hear directly from him, not just his quote. But take a look at there. Compare those societies that respect women. And those that do not. Who is trafficking and weapons and drugs . Who is harboring terrorists and pandemics . Whose problems acquire u. S. Troops on the ground . There is a one to one correspondence, do not only there is no relationship between National Security and the empowerment of women. And he is right. And what i would like to do now in setting the stage is to explore that proposition in greater detail with you. And sort of open and set the dialogue for the conference. That the security and status of women impacts the security and stability other nations is not some brandnew proposition. 2006,ample, way back in we had kofi annan the then you United Nations secretarygeneral say that the world is starting to grasp that there is no policy more effective in promoting health and education than the empowerment of women and girls. And i would venture that no policy is more important in preventing conflict or achieving reconciliation after a conflict has ended. Perhaps what was lacking in the het was strong evidence year basis for these assertions. That time is over. What i hope to present in the first few opening minutes of this important conference is a broad survey of such findings. Which i believe demonstrate across a wide variety of mentions that what is happening with women strongly affects the trajectory of the nationstate and even the international system. Of these take a tour dimensions, if you will. Are you interested in future security . If you are, then you should be interested in women. Women produce most of the worlds food. For example, in subsaharan africa, women perform 80 of agricultural labor. And over 50 of such labor worldwide. Women is also true that only old 2 of land, even though study after study has shown that the caloric intake is highly coordinated with women property rights. The food and Agricultural Administration calculates that if Women Farmers were given the same assistance as men in terms of land Extension Agents and training, malnutrition would drop 70 globally. Capital on crops is only given to those who own the land. The men. This is despite the fact that study after study has shown that over 90 of a womans earnings go to her family. The only 40 to 60 of a mans earnings go to his family. We know that women are expected fuel,cess food, find find potable water, on top of their other responsibilities with children and agricultural work. They have a triple commitment of time throughout the day. Often, however, expected to eat last. Or to eat food of poor quality. This is shown in the fact that two thirds of malnourished children in the world are female children. Societies,icultural it is actually women who are responsible for seeing that women and children do not start. And men in these cultures may find it equally shameful to help their wives. And so they do not assist them, even though studies have shown that men who do assist their wives in these kinds of labors have significantly larger harvests and those that do not. Mightestion to ask is, and equitable treatment of women make famine and malnutrition more likely for a nationstate . The answer is wellestablished, it is yes. Economicso establish prosperity. The world bank did a series of very significant studies several years ago in which they took a variable they call the gender gap. The larger it was, the greater the disparity between the lives of men and women. , themaller the gender gap more equitable. What they found is that the larger it was in society, the lower were the gdp was in the nation, this was highly significant. The larger the gap, the lower the rate of National Economic growth. When you do not harness the talents and the energy of one half of your population, you are simply not going to grow as fast as other nations. He also found that lower investment in female education was again strongly linked to national income. And last, other organizations have found that over and over, those developed projects with a gender component are far more successful than those without. So again, we raise the question might and equitable treatment of women make poverty more likely . Healthwe argue yesterday and women is a topic i think we know quite a bit about now. And the status of women is strongly linked to National Health outcomes. The stronger the gender gap the lower the incident in infant mortality and child malnutrition. The smaller it is, the lower the share of household tax on cigarettes and out the hall because women have more of a say in how the income is spent in the household . The larger the gap the higher the aids rate and the overall burden of Infectious Disease within the population. And lastly, the larger the gender gap, the lower the Life Expectancy not just for women, but for men as well. And so, might and equitable treatment of women make disease more likely in society . I think that is so. My stomping ground, i am a specialist in security studies. Here is someee very interesting findings. Some of which come from my own research. Studies, we have found that the higher of level of violence against women, the more likely a nationstate is to be noncompliant with International Norms and its own treaty obligations. The higher the level of violence against women, the worse a withn statesrelations its neighbors. The more likely a nationstate is to be involved in internation and internation conflict. More likely it is to use violence first in a conflict. The higher the level of violence against women, the less peacefully the nationstate will behave in an overall sense in the international system. And some of my earlier work on abnormal sex ratios and security there, we show that in case girls, of chinese orling them from the birth post may delete from female infanticide creates a young adult female population that is 50 larger than the male population, fueling what we , generalviolent crime instability, and the potential for regional conflict. So a good question for us to pose is whether inequitable treatment of women makes conflict more likely . We can also look at the imension of governance, here am relying on wonderful studies that have come out of the European Union and the interparliamentarian union and so forth. The larger the gender gap in the country, the higher the levels of perceived national corruption. The smaller it is on the other hand, the greater the level of trust in government and the greater the transparency in government. And what researchers have found when they go down into the micro level and they look at what women are doing when they are in the legislature, they have discovered that the representation of women in moreionmaking is higher, lawmaking revolves around issues of social welfare, fighting corruption, and approving Legal Protection for citizens. , andhat we have also found these are some brandnew studies that are hot off the press, when women are represented in peace negotiations after a conflict, participants are likely to be far more satisfied with the alsome and what we have found is that the agreement is significantly more durable. It will actually last longer if there is representation of women. So, we might ask ourselves, might and equitable treatment of women make poor government more likely . And of course, we cannot overlook demographics. Cannot talk about demographics unless you are willing to talk about men and women. And yet sometimes we do talk agencyemographics as am we are not part of. When marriage is an institution that is conceived of as being hierarchical, where marriage is highly in equitable between men and women, unsustainably high levels of population growth often result because a woman is not in control of her body in such marriages. Societyther hand, when makes it economically irrational for women to have children by punishing mothers in the workplace, as we see in nations such as japan, subreplacement birth rates often result. Women are not stupid. If you are going to punish them for having children, theyre not going to have children. And lastly, a word has to be said about the overall global sex ratio. Sex ratiol global should be about 98 men to 100 women, women tend to out live men. Have a longer Life Expectancy. What we find now in the 21st century is that that global overall sex ratio is now 101. 4 men per 100 women. This is a stunning factoid. What were talking about here is literally tens of millions of missing women, some demographers estimate almost 200 million missing me women from the world. From the university of canterbury and i have been a recent survey of childhood sex ratios around the globe. 1995 when we were first conducting the research, there were only five nations that had abnormal childhood sex ratios. When we redid our study this later, a015, 20 years total of nations is now 19. There are now 19 nations in which childhood sex ratios are significantly abnormal. Sexelectiveat abortion is taking place. 100,alteration from 98 to up to 101. 4, that is not the result of any sort of natural plague or disaster. This is a completely manmade alteration of the population of the entire world. And it is worth thinking about. And of course, is such an andlance, localized extremely high sex ratios, we have found ratios where there are actually 2 1. Two men for every women in specific locales in india and other countries, marriage market obstructions take place. Where men are not able to find marriage partners or form household. And this leads to a deep sense of grievance and instability as well. So we might ask ourselves, might in equitable treatment of women make demographic problems more likely question mark absolutely. Know iswe have come to that women are not the canary in the coal mine. Oftentimes, this metaphor is used to suggest that where women that sign that something has happened in society yes, that is true. But i would like to suggest that malefemale relations with in the society are the coal mine. And the canaries that are singing are the poverty and malnutrition and exquisite violence and a poor governance, all of these issues at the nationstate level. This is that conceptual secretary of as state Hillary Clinton so dramatically put it in 2012, the subjugation of women is a threat to the Common Security of our world and to the National Security of our country. Has come to be known as the hillary doctrine. Now in my field of study, security studies, we often talk about this german term called real politik. Otherwise known as realism in american jargon. The ideas that the National Security of the country is best secured by taking an unvarnished look at the realities of the situation and dealing with them forthrightly, well, if that is the case then, given the evidence that we have, that means that seeing women is in fact a pillar of cleareyed realpolitik. Whether we are examining the durability of peace accords, food security, National Health, wealth, quality of governance, interstate relations, or any other aspect of National Security, Women Empowerment helps intangible ways. And i think the rest of the speakers in this conference will be testifying to that fact over and over what they have seen on the ground and what they have seen through their own lived experience. However, that is women in Foreign Policy 101. I would like to suggest that it is not that simple. As patricia and i claim in our new book, the hillary doctrine, and my publisher would like you to know there is a book signing at 5 00. [laughter] simply that we can sprinkle in women, stir it up, and it will get better overnight. That is not the reality. Real moralome quandaries. And we talk at length in the book about these moral quandaries. Cases, the United States and other nationstates are forced to stay silent as women are oppressed under certain legal codes. And this is not because we do not care about these women. The archetypal example here would be saudi arabia. While she was secretary of state, despite the fact that Hillary Clinton asserted that the subjugation of women was a direct threat to the security of our national system, Hillary Clinton remained conspicuously silent about the treatment of saudi women. Not because she does not care about those issues. There is no way that one could accuse Hillary Clinton of not sincerely caring about womens issues. Think, a because, i very cleareyed view of the alternative. Alternativethe sources of power in saudi society, the current saudi government looks really pretty good. What kinds of silences and we have to maintain in the context where we see no better alternative for women on the horizon . And i am certainly convinced that what we called the arab spring was actually a winter for women in that area. Where rights were summarily and immediately stripped from women as the regime changed to a freer system. Whether you talk to egyptian women, libyan women, even if you talk to tunisian women and others in the region, they can tell you case after case they woke up the next morning and all of a sudden, the right for which they have fought for decades, it was erased with the stroke of a pen. How could that be . Trued, it is also very that we need to be pragmatic. And that sometimes open support for women activists and other aveseties lead vulnerable to accusations of intrigue and treason. Are we putting them at risk if we openly support them . That is another big moral quandary. And then there is the issue of principle oft leaving a conflict zone. And what our obligations are to the women we leave behind. I believe our second panel on the situation of women in afghanistan will be tackling this question. When i visited the United Nations two years ago and had a big lunch with United Nations women, i was told that americans have blood on their hands with respect to places like iraq and afghanistan. That we encourage these women to stand up. And now we have left them defend for themselves. Their fate is our responsibility. If they are murdered, that is blood on our hands. That is another moral quandary. Another one is what i sardonically call the feminists ate. Hes pontius pil the United States is such a great power, surely we can use that on the half of women worldwide. Using things like military interests to help women may be misguided. Are the women of iraq safer now because the American Military invaded the country . No. Absolutely not. And yet on the other hand, as we the womene case of who have been kidnapped and turned into sex slaves, surely the feeling also arises in our breath that cant we americans do something about these women . I think these are two balls, we have to do something. We cannot do something. Because it will make it even worse. Er moralanoth quandary. To,i think as was alluded what about our own health . The u. S. Has not and probably will not ever ratified paid maternity leave. I believe there are only three nations in the world that can make that claim. And as Steve Crawford pointed out, slightly less than 20 of our legislature is female. And we have significant levels of violence against women in our society. So what about our own domestic front . Another set of issues that we go over in our book, and i think many panelists talk about, is slow death by bureaucracy. That is a good idea. Such as the hillary doctrine. Wonderful things have taken place, we now have a National Action plan for womens peace and security to be formulated in 2011. The United Nations has not been sitting on their hands, we have Security Council resolutions demanding and obligating the nations Pay Attention to what is happening to women. For those of you who are policy wonks, you will know the import of this. We act