Policies insuring those investments would support middleclass jobs. The council on Foreign Relations hosted this escutcheon. It is just under an hour. Richard i am a richard hoss, good morning and bonjour. I want to welcome you to the council on Foreign Relations and todays on the record meeting with Justin Trudeau of canada, also known as 23. , canadians would get it. Prime minister trudell is closing in on 18 years as Prime Minister. He started as one of his countrys youngest ever Prime Ministers. At the rate he is going he will not end up that way. [laughter] let me say one or two things about u. S. And canadian ties, our two countries are truly integrated. Whether one is talking about Homeland Security across the worlds longest border. Or are economies, we have the largest trade relationship in the world and we are two thirds of the the membership of the usmca. There are obvious differences on the policy side between the two governments, but i am proud to report that the relations between our two countries have been steadily improving since 1812. [laughter] good, you got that. Prime minister and i are joined today by four members in new york city, and several hundred thanks to the technology of zoom. I want to welcome participating participants in our workshop, part of our large and growing commitment to be the leading educator in the world about the world. This morning, the Prime Minister will make opening remarks and then he and i will chat or a bit and then we will take questions from those in the room and with those virtually. Prime minister, the podium is yours. [applause] Prime Minister trudell one juror. Thank you richard for having me here on the council of Foreign Relations. It is great to be back in new york at this is the place where the world comes together and connect, and the council is a Great Institution for that very reason. Last month, canada welcomed President Biden to our parliament. The president is a great guy, he is not only a Strong Partner of canada he is an enduring friend. Before he started his address i remembered how president reagan called the u. S. Canada border a Meeting Place rather than a dividing line. I pointed out that today our border is no longer just the place where we meet each other. It is a place where we will meet the moment. This is a moment of uncertainty that we have not seen in our lifetimes. We are three years into a global pandemic. The rising cost of living is putting real stress on families, despite job growth and wage growth, there is a lot of economic anxiety. Climate change is having a real and terrifying impact on peoples lives. War has returned to europe and authoritarianism is on the rise. Antagonistic states around the world are using economic interdependence of for their own geopolitical advantage. And all around us, we see more and more polarization. Every day seems like threats arise that threaten to weaken democracy. So lets talk about meeting in this moment. What canada can be for the u. S. And what we can be together for the world. But before i do that, let me talk about where we have been and how we got to this particular moment. Lets think back to the time of reagan, and the optimism we had about the inevitable triumph of our way of life. With the fall of the berlin wall, we were assured that marketbased democracy was triumphant. And it was going to take hold around the world. Political elites devoted themselves to trade regulation and deregulation, the economy would grow faster and everyone would get richer. But the former, certainly happened. The latter, not so much. Jobs that went offshore were being replaced. And that the wages that that supported entire communities stagnated. In when 2008 happened, banks got bailouts and families got foreclosures. People at home were being left behind. The middle class was getting hollowed out. And at the same time, we had the promise the promise of globalization which would in time circle the globe and in time lets be honest with ourselves we were not being straight with ourselves about that either. We talked of the superiority of our system but turned a blind ida turned a blind eye to the environmental degradation on the other side of the break and that our prosperity relied on. That prosperity, those in charge were not making sure it was shared across the board as well. We were not living up to the promise of progress. [speaking foreign language] if we do not step up, other forces will step in. As a likeminded democracies and major economies, we need to Work Together to meet this moment. We need to stand up for what we believe in. And be honest with ourselves about where we are not doing enough. We need to engage with the world and put in place policies that reinforce our values. Everywhere. If we believe in freedom, equality, a healthy environment and rule of law, then we have to believe it for everyone. In the aftermath of 2008, there was a lot of distrust and anger, understandable anger from citizens. Gdp grew, but wages stalled and the promise of progress, that promise that each generation would do better in hard work them the one before. No longer seemed to hold true. In the mid teens, people were faced with the Political Choice. One, to burn it all down to attack our institutions, become isolationist, protectionist and nativist. The other, was to roll up our sleeves and get to work fixing it. And canada, that is the path we chose. In 2015. When other places were tearing up trade deals we signed more. Canada is the only g7 country with the freetrade deal with every other g7 country. Canada has Privileged Access to two thirds of the global economy. And the reason we were able to do it to even at a time when people were anxious and turning inward, was because we were making sure that the deals were fair. Trade creates growth. We know that. But you need deliberate and specific policies to ensure that that growth is fair. And the benefits are shared by everyone. When we renegotiated nafta, we improved it by including stronger standards for workers and more protections for our environment. In so doing, we secured one of the biggest freetrade zones in the world, and with it, millions of jobs across north america. In order to get our trade deal done with europe, we included gender and labor provisions and environmental protections. Going forward, we need to do even more of that strategic thinking. [speaking french] so how do we do that . We cant just push back or punish or single out bad actors. We cant just say for example that we want our companies to restrict the amount of Critical Minerals they buy from china specifically. Instead, we should simply commit to sourcing our Critical Minerals from places that ban forced labor, that have safety standards, that pay workers a living wage, that have high environmental protections that work in partnership with Indigenous Peoples. That creates incentives that makes the right thing to do also the smart thing to do for economies around the world. [speaks french] this is where the market is going. Countries in europe that relied on russian fossil fuels have accelerated their investments in clean energy. Here in the u. S. , the Inflation Reduction Act is mobilizing capital toward a clean economy on a historic scale. Canada is making our own investments to meet this demand and be the reliable supplier of clean energy the net zero world will require. We already have one of the cleanest electricity grids in the world with around 83 of our electricity generated from nonemitting sources. Our plan is to reach 100 by 2035 even as we massively increase generating capacity. This is a huge competitive advantage for canada. We see these choices in play in other ways too. On the industrial scale, look at what is happening with steel, for example. Global demand is fairly flat but the demand for green steel is going through the roof. You know who makes some of the cleanest steel in the world . Workers in canada. That didnt happen by accident. To use a canadian expression, our government saw where the puck was going and started making investments in our workerss future. We saw it was coming with Climate Change and the trillion of dollars of Global Investment lining up to build the clean economy. So we invested in a decarbonization project in ontario that will see canada make some of the cleanest steel in the world. Its good for the company, good for the brand, and good for the environment, but mostly it means thirdgeneration steelworkers can know that good middleclass jobs that were there for them and their parents and grandparents will also be there for their kids, grandkids and greatgrandkids. We have secured seventh, eighth, ninth generation steelworkers for that mill. And opportunities for all the new canadians coming to our country every year too. That is opportunity. That is possibility, that is growth. That is reassuring for citizens, when everyone can see the possibilities for themselves. Everyone has a stake in the success, which is so important. Because democracies like ours, for them to work, everyone has to feel like they have a stake in it like they will benefit from it, and i mean everyone. From the newly arrived, racialized immigrant, to the fifth generation blue color working dad who doesnt see where he fits in anymore. As leaders, we have to create the conditions that create opportunity for everyone. In canada, we have invested in strengthening the middleclass. We have invested in education, in skills, in health care, in dental care and childcare. And we are already seeing the results on a macroeconomic scale by rolling out 10 per day childcare. Weve seen womens participation in the workforce already reach alltime highs. Global investors are looking around the world, they are looking for stability, they are looking for growth in the workforce. They are looking for workers that are well supported, they are looking for constructive political environments. Thats why they are coming to canada. I sketched out a few ideas here this morning, but let me connect the dots. The world is a tough place. Democracy is under threat. The old way of doing things is not going to work anymore. Things are changing fast. People are polarized. We are at an inflection point. People are anxious about the changes that lie ahead. Weve got authoritarian states claiming the reason democracy isnt winning is because there is a flaw in the theory of democracy. But we know that is not true. But of all of the things that erode democracy, the feelings of the promise of progress has got to be the most pernicious. That people no longer believe that the next generation will do even better than this one. Here at home or anywhere around the world. Canada and the u. S. As robust democracies, as trading partners, as g7 partners, nato allies, have a role to play in making sure that we are living up to that progress. To that promise. To that promise of progress we make to people all around the world when we talk about how our system works. [speaking french] canada has worked to demonstrate that we strengthen the middle class, we strengthen social cohesion, we reinforce faith and our Democratic Institutions at home, and engage with the world in consequential and positively impactful ways. Enable major Global Investors and major Global Investors are looking around the world to where they can be part of that. Canada will always be a reliable partner. The key is simple make sure you are putting people first. As your president says, girly economy from the bottom up and middle out. Put peoples dignity, their rights, environment and future at the center of what we do as policymakers, as business people, as commentators, as champions of democracy and rulesbased trade. Thats how we deliver on the promise of progress for everyone. [speaking french] [applause] mr. Haas merci beaucoup. [laughter] i know, you are working on your High School French and i am speaking to canadians at home. The idea that democracies need to deliver in order for people to maintain their faith in democracy is a powerful message. Thank you for making it. I want to start with a different part of your speech if i may. It will probably drive yourself crazy, i apologize. You said the world is a tough place, and it is a tough place. You mentioned a lot of things at the beginning of your speech. In many ways, you have a deteriorating security environment, 30 years ago europe was proclaimed to be whole and free, and this was not something we were expecting. We see the growth of chinese power, much greater assertiveness abroad. We see the challenges in the middle east. You mentioned global challenges. Lets talk about canadas response to this. There has been some speculation or controversy. What you think canadas response to a deteriorating security environment is adequate, and to the extent you dont, what is your thinking that canada needs to do to meet the moment . Pm trudeau we need to continue to invest more in defense among many other things. I think thats probably part of what you are getting at. The previous conservative government for all of its saber rattling managed to drop defense spending to below 1 of gdp and we have invested elions, including buying new fighter jets invested billions, including new fighter jets, modernizing norad, and we will continue to do that. We are the sixth the largest Defense Budget in nato. Ukrainian defense forces. We are present in lot for come around the world and canam and canada continues to step up. We will continue doing it in a responsible way. Mr. Haass most talk about the biggest immediate security challenge, which is ukraine and what russia is doing there. Many countries including the United States have essentially said their position is to support ukraine for as long as it takes. Pm trudeau as long as it takes with as much as it takes, thats what we say. Mr. Haass so what is your view about the potential negotiations and diplomacy . To say as long as it takes, ukraines aims are essentially to liberate all of the territory, going back to 1991. Is there a role as you see it for negotiations or is this simply a military policy essentially to liberate a territory . Pm trudeau there are two parts to that question. First of all, it is not for us to decide what should be acceptable to ukrainians. Its up for them to decide. They need to decide when is enough or when the conditions are to negotiate, what theyre willing to concede and what they are willing to fight and die to make sure they hold. Our job is to be there so they can be confident so they can choose the moment. This doesnt end militarily. It only ends with a political resolution of some sort. Ukraine needs to be able to decide that, when that is, what it is they are willing to accept and what it is they are willing to continue to fight over. And we need to be there for them. Its not just about ukraine. This is the second part of it, this is what people are its great to see my conversations not just with thoughtful council on Foreign Relations people but ordinary people across our country and around the world to get that this is not just about standing up for our ukrainian friends. This is about standing up for the u. N. Charter, for the principles of sovereignty and territorial integrity that have led close to 80 years of peace and stability not just in europe but everywhere around the world. The values and principles that underpin all of our freedoms and systems of democracy and the right of people to choose what their future is is what is being contested right now by russia. The idea that might could somehow make right again. And its not just about russia and ukraine, obviously. Everywhere around the world, authoritarian states that have a slightly bigger army are looking at that little patch of terrain across the river where they speak your language or a few hundred years ago the british drew a line on the map they felt was in the wrong place and say what if we were to decide to redraw that map . Everywhere around the world people are looking at russias decision to invade ukraine and saying if that works out, maybe he can work out for me. Maybe it can work out for me. Thats why the west in general, but countries around the world, 142 or so at the vote of the u. N. A number of months ago, stood up and said no. What russia is trying to do cannot succeed. It is the wrong direction for our world and they cannot redraw the lines on a map or resettle what the international rulesbased order is. That is why ukraine matters, thats why it matters in africa, asia, south america and everywhere around the world. Not just all wars come back to europe and we have to be worried about that. It is the underpinning of our system that is being directly challenged by an authoritarian state that must not succeed. That is why, as much as it takes, as long as it takes, until the folly and mistake of putins decision is clear for everyone. Mr. Haass one of the 142 countries that did not stand up and say no is looking across the body of water and that is china looking at taiwan. What is canadas position in terms of your willingness to signal china you ought not to act coercively. We acknowledge your claims but we do not, are not prepared to tolerate aggression against taiwan. What are you prepared to do to deter or if need be defend against chinese action there . Pm trudeau weve continued to do like the u. S. And many allies, continued to engage with a military presence in the pacific. Demonstrating that we are there to uphold the status quo. We recognize the one china policy but we also recognize there are no changes to the status quo. We are going to continue to engage with china in a way that is aligned with our values and the principles that underpin our democracies. That means obviously recognizing that china has chosen to be an increasingly Disruptive Global power. That there are things we will need to work with china on a great example was cop15, which we cohosted with china in december and we managed to put forward ambitious commitments to protect 30 of our land and 30 of our water around the world to protect biodiversity. There are ways we can work and w