Who led the marine corps in the late 1980s and a former cia official. This is just over two hours. It is 12 00 when i say it is 12 00. It is time to get started. On behalf of our ceo and the Potomac Center for policy studies, i want to welcome you to our seminar today. We certainly have a superb group of analysts. We could not ask for a better type of group to talk today about some very tough challenges we face throughout the globe. S is miss of the lone wolf business of the lone wolf terrorist, you have read about that. Complex situation we face in global strategy today with the socalled conflicts and wars, if you will, below the nationstate conflicts that many of us are used to and many of our organizations have been trained to do and the United States and our allies have been good at that. This is a new environment below that level. Some people call it the gray zone of conflict and the like. Others say we are in a new generation of warfare, the fourth generation of warfare. They talk about that quite a bit. Some see that as a framework for the future. There is a lot of discussion. A lot of wellmeaning intellectual thought goes into this challenge. It is not something we are ignoring, but it is doggone hard to get your arms around and determine what to do. In the United States of america in particular, a high level of moral and ethical thought crosses go into everything we do. It is not like some of the other nations, radicals, that kind of thing. This was true in world war ii, for example. We would have difficulty dealing with operations and guerrilla warfare and the like. Problems past less of a had less of a problem. If they wanted a village occupied, they rounded up villagers and shot them. It was a different era. Now, with global terrorist attacks and the things going on, it is more difficult than ever. There are many different kinds of things behind these kinds of conflicts. That,s religion and all which we are familiar with. Certainly, the religious aspect has a great deal to do with formulating what these individuals will do, the socalled lone wolves and the like. It is not relegated to a strictly terrorist activities or islamictype radicalism or all of that. Homegrown kind of thing that can grow up out of the blue, really. They can be radicalized for besidesgion reasons religion and the like. We are fortunate to have an extraordinary, experienced group of panelists today to talk about these issues, these challenges we face. Hopefully, some of the potential solutions that are out there to think about. With that, do you want to take over, take charge . Glad to see there is no more sling. The arm is getting better. I am ready to go to the ring. Thank you very much, general, for your brief introduction. Generals have the first and last word. He will have another opportunity later on to share some of his longhts based on a very experience. Toave a duty as a moderator first recognize our cosponsors. Of course, general gray mentioned those specifically, the potomac institute. They are hosting this and many other events. Let me recognize professor don. Allace over there director of the International Law institute and center for legal studies. That is a cosponsor of this event. The center for National Security of the university of Virginia School of law. Who areeagues supporting our academic work. Ourme first introduce panel. A veritable detailed bio of each speaker. In the interest of time, i would just mention one or two titles and so on. Say, during the discussion, we will have other opportunities to try and onerate some dialogue based their work and experience. Our first speaker will be to my left. Martin, we are delighted to have you again to support our academic work. He ise of you may know, assistant director of the maryland coordination and Analysis Center in Frederick County, marylands Sheriffs Office. He contributed to our work and study on the role of Law Enforcement to prevent terrorism. He is going to provide some context, particularly in the u. S. Environment and the role of the police and Law Enforcement. The second speaker next to him e. Professor lynn she is bringing a very rich background and experience as you can see from her bio of working with the cia for many years. I will not mention how many but at any rate as an executive in operations and positions in africa and asia and latin america. She is currently professor at georgetown dealing with some of these issues and the private sector. Following her, lisa curtis also has very extensive government experience. I wont go into details, its up to you. But at any rate, what is very important is that she contributes now to economic work on issues of National Security and Foreign Policy of the Heritage Foundation. Rafaeli,er is dr. Emeritus Center Analyst on the middle east Media Research institute. I would like to mention that he has extensive experience with the world bank and focusing on the middle east and elsewhere. Then to the left of him, is professor dean alexander. He is currently director of Homeland SecurityResearch Program and professor at the school of Law Enforcement at illinois university. I vividly recall his First Research and publication in maritime terrorism was ten years before 9 11 and im glad to see that he continues with his work. As always, as i mentioned before , don wallace will bring in a great deal of insight on the rule of law and also in terms of balancing security concerns with privacy and the role of human rights and so on. I would like to also welcome the audience, which includes academics, colleagues from different universities, members of the Diplomatic Community in washington. Them operate here as speakers and so forth. Last but not least, i would like to mention the students who are here, particularly the interns who are completing their work for this summer. Will you just stand up at least so everybody can see who you are . We dont have time now to introduce each and every one, but they are the next generation of scholars and we are very proud of them. Now, let me just move on, and try to make some footnotes of following general grade. In general context i will be very brief on this. I think all of us have to put in some perspective, meaning that the lone wolf threats that we are going to focus on today is clearly one of the many challenges and threats that we are facing all the way from organized crime to terrorism to Cyber Threats and weapons of mass destruction, et cetera. The rationale for our discussion today, particularly because of the very dramatic menu of carnage that we have seen in the past few weeks, few months, all the way from orlando to nice to bangladesh and the report yesterday about an attack in japan yesterday by a deranged, crazy if you will, individual but it still had some ideological message we can go into there. Now, fundamentally, i think we have to keep in mind that the issues that are being debated today you can see it in the communities and academically and in Law Enforcement, related to the lone wolf because we are dealing with the question of myth and reality about it and hopefully, our analysts will provide some analytical clarity to the issue. For example, who are the lone wolves from the definition of an conceptual point of view . We can go into details. Secondly, the argument that the lone wolf is a nominal threat is something new, obviously we have to go into the lessons and understand that nothing is really new under the sun, including the lone wolf. We have to look at the motivations that triggers the socalled lone wolf. We have to look at their capacity and capability in terms of modus operandi, of using stones to knives to shooting and what really concerns analysts and policymakers is the escalation, the probability that the lone wolf will utilize some of the weapons of mass destruction. Weaponize themselves, for example. The impact and implications nationally and globally. Hopefully, we can have some recommendations of our analysts in terms of what are some of the best practices to reduce the risk from terrorism. I have long believed, which i try to share what we are going to cover, im not going to go, each and every issue all the way from the historical lessons of the nations characteristics, radicalization, intentions, capabilities, case studies. What are some of the strategies to deal with the lone wolf and some conclusions and recommendations for consideration by governments, in democracies at least . I would like to mention number three and number four because when people talk about the lone wolf, we have to talk about the which generaln, observed, years ago that as long as there are human beings on the planet, we will have challenges all the way from organized crime and terrorism and so forth. Even the Russian Proverb is not complete. We have to talk about the will. Wolf. The dragons, the snakes in the socalled garden of eden or the universe. The two questions hopefully that we can respond to today is whether or not the worst is yet to come, and for example, if you follow what the terrorist propaganda is communicating on a daily basis, you will see that one of their next targets is the rio olympics. Obviously, everyone is concerned about what might happen in terms of the attack or the impact in that olympics or elsewhere. Then of course, can we survive that kind of attack . As democracies, we have to look at the balance between security concerns and human rights. Its a big menu and we cannot cover everything adequately, but it is a beginning of a study and scholarship and not the end of it. With that, captain, you are the first to share your views. You can come up here. Thank you. Good afternoon everyone. ,the first thing i would like to do is thank professor alexander and general gray for asking me to return this year. I was here about the same time last year talking about the involvement of Law Enforcement in the fight against terrorism. When i looked at my fellow Panel Members bios before i came today, i decided it would be best for me to stick to state and local topics as they are the experts on the International Picture in those types of things. I welcome any comments or questions you have. First, just to explain, i am a deputy sheriff. I am a captain with the Sheriffs Office. I am employed by the Frederick CountySheriffs Office in the central part of maryland. I am a detail lead to the state Fusion Center, which is known as the maryland coordination and Analysis Center in baltimore. There are 78 Fusion Centers around the United States and in the u. S. Territories. What the Fusion Center purpose is as they were formed after 911 is to help coordinate between federal, state and local entities. I think post911, one of the things we can all agree upon is that there was a lack of Information Exchange amongst organizations who had pertinent information that could have helped to possibly prevent some attacks or at least to be a little hotter on the trail than we were that day. The Fusion Centers role is to create a routine and predictable path for the information flow. Generally in the u. S. We have two types of Fusion Centers, either all crimes, as we are in maryland, or all hazards, places like the Western Region of pennsylvania called region 13 is an all Hazard Center so they do hazardous materials, weatherrelated events as well as the threat picture. Our main goal in the Fusion Centers and the National Network of Fusion Centers is to share information nationally. Because we have, unlike some of the European Countries in particular, where they have a Single Police force that covers the entire nation, we have many Different Police forces and Law Enforcement agencies. In maryland we have 120 Law Enforcement agencies. In pennsylvania, we have 1200 Law Enforcement agencies. You can imagine by the time the officer on the street sees or learns something, it takes a little bit. You have to make sure the information is getting to the right place, and the Fusion Centers are that process for getting the information shared. Looking at some past lessons, and as i said, i am going to focus on domestic instance based on my experiences. I will give a very quick definition of lone wolf terrorism. From a 2015 doj study lone wolf terrorism is Political Violence perpetrated by individuals who act alone, who do not belong to an organized terrorist group or network, who act without the direct influence of a leader or hierarchy and whose tactics and methods are directed by the individual without any direct outside command or direction. You the past few years, have started to hear the terminology morph a little bit to try to account for whats happening. The latest thing that this definition doesnt account for is isil inspired terrorist attacks. Thats something that someone is acting as a lone wolf, theyre not receiving direction from an outside source, but they are taking inspiration from things they have seen or the call to take action. Two of the attacks i was going to touch on today were, and i started writing my notes more than a week ago so i did not include anything that has happened in the past week, which we have all seen on the news. The two that came to mind that i thought were fairly significant for different reasons, the first one was eric rudolph who is the 1996 olympic park bomber from atlanta. If you know anything about him you know that was not his first time of committing an act of that nature. He had been involved in bombing numerous abortion clinics across the south in the previous years and had not been identified as a suspect yet. Also, one of the trademarks of eric rudolph was that he would set secondary devices. So the first device would go off. It would draw in the First Responders and then an hour later the second device explodes, injuring the First Responders. Part of that was his view of these people were coming to help this organization that im so terribly against, so thats why eric rudolph stood out to me. Also, he was on the run for more than five years afterwards in the hills of North Carolina but was ultimately caught when he was going through the dumpster behind a supermarket looking for some food. He was run into by a local rookie officer. The second incident i wanted to touch on very briefly was from last year in december, the 2015 San Bernardino california shooting. There were two people, two suspects, but they were not receiving outside direction, there is no master plan and what they did was they used firearms in order to commit their act. They also had ieds that did not detonate, some at the scene, some in their vehicle, and more at their residence in the searches that were conducted afterwards. Those are two pre9 11, post9 11 situations we have seen right here in the u. S. The investigation of lone wolf attacks, if it is terrorism in the United States, the fbi has jurisdiction over the investigation of terrorism events. Conversely, when someone dialed 911, your call goes into a local communications center. Your First Responders are people like me who work for local organizations and agencies who come out and we are the ones that begin. They hear the scanner calls that go out. They will call our front desk before they get the first person on the scene. What is going on . They are trying to read the story. It is very difficult to deal with that sort of thing. It takes a while until you are able to determine what is going on. If i could Say Something about orlando, just a few months ago, that was the case there. They did not immediately say terrorism. We are at a great rush to put the label of terrorism on something because thats the buzzword right now. Thats the thing that gets everyone stirred up and watching the news and the coverage and looking for that next report. We have to be careful to examine it closely enough to determine whether or not it is terrorism related. Our federal partners that do International Work such as the department of state, the cia have definitions that define terrorism as something that acts intended to influence a government. Thats why it really takes a while to determine if someone is trying to influence the government, and we are seeing a paradigm shift where it is not necessarily trying to influence the government as much as to get revenge against the government or revenge against other causes. So anyway, when a federal investigation starts on terrorism, they are going and looking to the local agencies. The reason for that is the people that commit these acts are in our communities. We might have some