A chance to ask a question. And im gonna be assertive about im encouraging you to be brief and get to your question so we can get as many people to participate as possible. The line starts with our producer jane ann right there, and then i welcome your comments for dr. Hansen. Lets invite the audience participation. Yes, welcome to climate one. Thank you. Congratulations. You deserve this award and thank you to all the scientists who are here who are providing we, policy makers and activists, with the information we need. Im holly kaufman. My question is, in addition to the price on carbon, for some shorter term measures, what is your opinion on dealing with some of the shorter term but higher Global Warming potential gases like methane, which might not be as politically controversial to deal with . Yes. I think methane and black carbon and some of the trace gases are its important that we deal with those and they may be the way on which we can handle the faustian bargain. Because as the sulfate aerosols decrease, weve got to try to find a different way to reduce the climate forcing the energy imbalance, that is caused by removing the sulfate. So i think those are important, but i the priority has to be on co2 on the because of the fact that if we continue on this path with co2, well get to a point where its really consequences are too great and very difficult and are impossible for our children to deal with without having great disaster. So i think that theyre important, and i just dont talk about them as much as i used to because its kind of distracting from the main problem which is the fossil fuel, co2. Yes, welcome to climate one. Thank you. Hi. If we were to do Something Like pyrolize sewage, garbage and agricultural waste, whats the potential for that to remove carbon from the atmosphere, how fast might it be possible to do that . Yeah, weve looked at so called biochar. Biochar, in many not everywhere, but in some agricultural systems, it can be very beneficial for improving the productivity of the soil. And so, that is a one way that we can get some of that excess co2 out of the atmosphere. And its, you know, im looking at the numbers, it doesnt look huge and it but its and its uncertain how big it can be. And its one thing that we should be researching in our agricultural schools, because it is potentially very helpful. So the next question for dr. Hansen, yes. Yes, john addison, clean fleet report. A price on carbon would of course encourage Energy Efficiency, fuel efficiency. Where are you seeing progress there . Where do you think are some of the most effective mechanisms . Technologically, for well, the biggest the quickest thing our Energy Efficiency in the u. S. Isnt is not very good. And weve run economic models which suggest that if we put a 10 a ton tax on carbon, increasing 10 a ton per year, so that after 10 years, its equivalent to a dollar a gallon on gasoline. That that would reduce Carbon Emissions in the us by 30 . Which is about 11 times that 30 reduction is 11 times greater than the amount of carbon carried by this keystone xl pipeline. So it just shows how foolish that pipeline is, compared to the kind of steps that we should really be taking to ensure our energy independence. But the there are multiple ways that price would affect would reduce emissions. But, yeah, i and i dont really know that i should or could actually specify what which technology is gonna do. As i say, the marketplace is going to make those decisions. But theres a lot of potential already, well california is twice as efficient as the rest of the nation. Its about equivalent to europe, which is also twice as efficient as the United States. So theres a lot of potential in just Energy Efficiency but anyway. And so the next question, welcome. Im james. The ongoing talks in doha, basically focusing on kyoto, i believe, youve said you sort of have issue with kyoto, what do you think the United States should be putting forward there, and how can we convince the countries who have equity issues with the United States and our Carbon Development to participate . What do you propose for that . The United Nations process hasnt done a lot. What do you think should happen there . Yeah, its they as ive already said, i think instead of trying to fix the kyoto process but keeping the capandtrade system, we need to realize that we have to put a price on carbon. Now, we do have a debt to developing countries because the climate impacts are actually going to be felt and are already beginning to be felt more at the low latitude countries where more of the developing nations are, and yet, they have not contributed at all or very, very little to that carbon in the atmosphere. So were gonna have to figure out some compensation for them, and it actually takes not very much money to encourage them to have better practices and to restore for us or to preserve for us, for example. So thats that needs to be part of the process. But we need to you know, when i was in the netherlands, a week or two ago, we met a man, who had that had this lamp thats all powered by solar. So it has a solar panel which can charge up in the daytime. Even on a cloudy day, it would charge up, and it will provide light for up to eight hours. It has different strengths depending on how bright you use it. But he was and he wants to this to be replace kerosene lamps. And i know about kerosene lamps. I was born on a farm that did not have electricity, and we used kerosene lamps. And my four older sisters all did their homework after it gets dark, thats what provided the light. And they did their homework and coloring and things with these lamps, and, of course, my parents were in fear of them tipping one of these things over and burning down the house. It turns out that there are 15,000 serious burns per day from kerosene lamps in the developing world, and there are 800 million women and children who are breathing the equivalent of two packs of cigarettes per day from the fumes from kerosene lamps. And yet, you with one of this little lamp can be it has a cost of 9 to 10, and theyre spending 30 cents a day on kerosene. So this thing could can replace the kerosene lamp with about a months worth of kerosene can replace so we so a developing world anyway, what im saying is, there are a lot of ways that we can the developing world can jump over technologies and not make the mistakes that we did. And we have to help them do that; thats part of our debt to them. We should be making an effort to do those sort of things. I think secretary clinton is a big supporter of those solar cook stoves and those other things to do that at a reasonable cost. Lets have our next question. Yes. Yeah. Im Warren Linney from kiara solar. And i just want to thank you for your courage. Ive been arrested a few times for these issues as well. Its worth it. My question is, i wanna know if youre aware of any council of engineers and scientists that are evaluating and prioritizing the various low carbon technologies, and also the ones that maybe will pull out enough carbon from the air andlike carbon engineering, global thermostat, in order to have a priority of funding these, and do you know of any fund thats being ready to, you know, save life on the planet as well. Well, you see, those studies are academic. You know, so we had this nice paper, one called wedges, which said, you know, we can theres this wedge that could reduce our carbon 10 or 5 and theres this wedge should do five more and then theres this wedge five more. So they list a whole bunch of technologies that might reduce the Carbon Emissions. In principle, they could do that. And then, actually, when you talk to the authors, they say, were are there any more wedges . They say, oh yeah, there are a lot more wedges. At least we got tired. We just got tired. You know. So but those things were theoretical. What will cause those in reality, you put a price on carbon, some of those wedges would really be great stuff and they would youd pass a Tipping Point that would really take a big chunk of the energy. And some of them wouldnt work out at all. But, you know, you just cant do it with theoretical exercises. The way that it will work sorry, its a broken record, but you got to have a price on carbon. And so [laughter] right. But you talk about the marketplace. One of the ways that u. S. Has reduced its emissions is through switching from coal to gas, and that was government innovation 30 years ago developing some tracking technology that no one saw a few years ago, and that proponents would say that that switch is a good thing, its reduced Carbon Emissions more than kyoto or anything else has been Technology Innovation and markets. There are two Different Things though. The gas yes, if gas were treated as the transition fuel allowing us to leave the coal in the ground and be working on the successor to gas so that thats all we burn, then we could actually meet the targets. But thats not whats happening its exactly theyre actually going after every fuel they can find. Its fracking in addition to tar sands, in addition to drilling in the arctic, in addition to mountain top removal, and in addition to tar shale, thats why they say, United States is gonna be the saudi arabia of oil. How is that . Were gonna cook the rockey mountains and drip oil out the bottom. And thats gonna be thats almost its 50 more energy to get that oil out. We and the fracking, we cant do that. Theres so much gas if we insist on finding ways. Its actually very expensive and Energy Intensive to do that, but because were subsidizing it, theyre able to get away with that and and its also happening in california in a big way. Well, thats the problem. And theres only thing that will stop that. [laughter] all right. And so far, we got six minutes left. Lets try to get a couple of questions in and quick questions, quick answers. Yes sir, welcome to climate one. Well, thanks a lot for your book. As you said, the issue is very complex. So is there an organization which will train citizens like me on how to explain this issue to my network . Yeah, thats what ive been told. I thought that i was writing a book that would allow people to understand this. And i guess some people that even collegeeducated people said they have to read it twice, and so its not they say its too technical. So we need clearer maybe mikes book because i havent read it yet, but but your but your next book is gonna be letters to your granddaughter. Yeah, my next book is gonna be sophies planet. And sophie is helping me. Im writing her letters and making sure theyre understandable to her. And sophie is a teenager . Sophie is now 14. Shes my oldest grandchild. And im gonna try to make this understandable, more understandable. Im sure shes smart. Lets have our next question. Yes, sir, welcome. Yeah, hi. Im nils michael langenborg from sustainable adam smith. Congratulations from the award. So adam smith wrote about he said consumption is the sole end and purpose of all production. So if consumption is really the issue here, how do we get all how do we get Everyday Americans to modify their consumption, and how do we get policy makers like Governor Brown whos sitting in the room here, spoiler alert, and what is his position on this, i would be more than happy to hear. So how do we get people to be to change their behavior . And, secondarily, how we make this fun because this is such an intense topic, when you walk out of here and all you wanna do is drink. Okay, so drink. [laughter] well, we can work we have some wine outside afterwards. A quick question. We got a few minutes left, so consumption yeah, consumption. Well, that again, the carbon price will help with that, to make things but and that is an education thing. We need to get our children and grandchildren and the public to appreciate nature and things, not just more things. But thats a thats part of the problem, so and putting a price on it will help a bit. Welcome to climate one. Yes, were getting toward the end. Thank you. Its an honest pleasure to be here with you. And before i came up, i was gonna ask you whats it like being around your christmas or thanksgiving table, talking among your family, when you get to talk about your passion, because i dont think that you actually talk Climate Science 26 hours a day. But could you tell us a little bit of your conversations with sophie . Thank you. Yeah. So i dont think that its appropriate to frighten children. [laughter]. And i so the only thing that until now, sophie is i have five grandchildren, sophie is the oldest, and finally, i am starting to explain the problem and the fact that there are solutions. But, other than that, i just the only thing that ive really done with grandchildren related to this is to try to help them understand nature. So for in particular, as i mentioned in my book, we have addressed the Monarch Butterfly problem. You know, a Monarch Butterfly as weve noticed on our farm, they are many fewer than they used to be, and thats mainly because not of Global Warming, but because of pesticides which have been used to reduce the number of milkweeds. And that so, therefore, with my grandchildren, we plant milkweeds. And then they learn about this remarkable life cycle of monarch butterflies which migrate all the way to mexico. Well, i did i actually put one of my letters to sophie on my website. And i and it was worked out very nicely because i then got a letter, i got an email from a scientist in mexico. These monarch butterflies migrate all the way from canada to this mountain in mexico where they hibernate for the winter on a one small region. And this mexican scientist is realized that these trees where the butterflies are hibernating, theyre not doing well. The tops of the trees are turning brown because of their theyve had multiple droughts. And the and that was one of the things i wanted to get to in my book and explain it to sophie, that the danger to species is the shifting of climate zones. If we go with too large of Climate Change, that rapid shifting of climate zones is going to put additional pressure on species and cause many of them to go extinct, and then because theyre interdependent, ecosystems can collapse. Well, this scientist was trying to convince the Mexican Government to plant these seedlings higher up the mountains because its getting warmer, and for those trees to exist, they need to be in a cooler and but then he figured, he looked at ipcc, this intergovernmental panel, the Climate Change reportrealize mountain will not work. Then you have to try to plant those trees on a different mountain and convince those monarch butterflies, which have been programmed, they have to go to a different place. We have tried to do that with some species, the Whooping Crane, which is one that i know about because it almost went extinct. But anyway but they tried to guide that Whooping Crane to a different place, so that its not in danger its not in so much danger of having only one place where it can winter. But anyway, the point was what was the question . [laughter] it was getting out of we got a chance for one last quick question, one quick answer. Were out of time. We got to present the award. Yes, sir. Yeah. Okay. A very quick question. Have you i dont know what your question was but the answer was good. Okay. [laughter] hi, my name is gerald harris. I specialize in scenario planning in the energy industry. But youre the first scientist ive heard Say Something positive about sequestration of carbon. And as i understand it, there is no way that we can store it without a risk of a catastrophic release. So maybe you know something that i dont know about this but is there any way we can actually store sequestered carbon without a risk of a catastrophic release . Well, i think that there are ways, but its going to be a case of many you dont want it in your backyard. Its very possibly the case. And, you know, weve done so much oil drilling drilling looking for oil that this that is not clear that most of the continental sites are safe. But there are places you could put it offshore where youre putting it at a depth where just the pressure and temperature are such that you dont have to worry about it coming out. So it is possible, but its gonna cost money. So you have to let it let that technology compete against Energy Efficiency and other forms of energy. And we got to wrap it up there. Thanks to james hansen, head of Nasa Goddard Institute for space studies, adjunct professor at Columbia Universitys Earth Institute for his comments here today at climate one. [applause] okay. Id like to thank you very much. Id like to invite ben santer up here to present the award to dr. Hansen. Ben is a member of the jury and a climate scientist in his own right at Lawrence Livermore lab. Jim, you and steve were pioneers of the frontiers of Climate Science, exploring the role of the oceans in Climate Change, the role of clouds, the role of aerosol particles, and i could spend a lot of time recounting your scientific contributions. I wont i just wanna tell you one very brief story. Back in 1988, i was doing my postdoc in hamburg, you testified in front of congress. You said, we see the signal emerging from the noise. That had huge influence on me and on hundreds, thousands of my colleagues. The idea that we could see some coherent humancaused warming signal emerging from the year toyear or decadetodecade noise of natural climate variability, it certainly had a discernable influence on my career and on the science i chose to do. Germans have a word, zivilcourage, theres not really an english translation for it. And what it means as best as i can translate it is, individuals who show extraordina