Smith Memorial Foundation dinner to raise money for Catholic Charities at new yorks history historic waldorf the story a hotel. I have traveled the banker years, now they actions of one individual to close three of us not to have seats. You herelad to see tonight mr. Vice president. You said many times in this campaign that you want to give america back to the little guy. I am thatresident, man. Its an honor to share the dais with a defendant of the great out smith. Your greatgrandfather was my favorite kind of governor. The kind who ran for president al you are right a campaign can require a lot of wardrobe changes. Bluejeans in the morning perhaps, suits for a lunch fundraiser, sport coat for to nice tofinally relax to wear what an end i wear around the house. Hillary clinton and donald trump thursday night at 9 00 eastern on cspan and cspan. Org. Listen with the cspan radio app. Hour book to the exclusive are cities tour visits pueblo, colorado to learn more about its history and literary life. We have traveled to u. S. Cities for five years bringing the book theme to our viewers. You can watch more of our visits at cspan. Org cities tour. First we heard about the rock of dollars rockefellers. , i think before ludlow i dont think there is much of a neck knowledge meant perspective his i is widespread. After 1914 it is a dirty word. Pueblo was considered part of the west. We are talking about all of , aost Southeastern Colorado 100 miles in hundred miles across. They are definitely controlling this portion of the state. It is more a growth industry in the u. S. , back when they owned companies which are coal mines, this torry of immigration, people coming from around the poland. Reece, italy and also migration from mexico and africanamericans. There is a large mixture of ethnic groups. As they start controlling the hispanics are living in adobe houses. They will build coal camps that are Wood Structures and then the they will charge employees have to start using coal. They dont get an employee discount. The times are measured at different rates. They00 pounds is a time might say 2600 pounds is a time because there is raw mixed in with the coal rocks mixed in with a cold. Coaliners get paid for the that they cut. The work that you are doing is not valued. Mine there a coal are chambers that have to be late and there are safety precautions but they are not being paid for that. Company rents them homes and take it out of their paycheck. It would be a problem later because they are charging them more than they should have for the houses. There is that issue. Tore are issues in regard sometimes there are coal cap guards in the coal camp communities. They are told they have to shop at the company store. Then it is the cycle of debt because they cant get out of the rut. There are times when there is not a lot of mine production but house,e in the company so you have fathers, kids and more kids. Generations of people that are in the mines. The majority of stock in the 1800s, 440 years the rockefellers are prominent. Ecause of the ludlow massacre it starts in september of 1913. Employees and miners go on strike and are victim from their houses. They set up a 10th cholerae on the plains of colorado. 2000are fighting for pounds is one ton. Toy are fighting to be able have better working conditions. 1913 as one of the deadliest years for mine disasters. There is a push for them to have better working conditions. They are not asking for anything outside of what should have been given to them. Calls up the National Guard when they go on strike. There is a group of denver businessman who by bonds, the income. Re low they think that the National Guard, the idea of martial law. 1914, it is easter and the people in the camp celebrate with the greek miners. Then one of the National Says you have your fun and you will have yours. A war of minus will come in and attack law enforcement. They called out federal troops to stop it. They knew what was going on. The minutes from the meetings from september 13 until 14 no business happened. The rockefellerss deal with it. There are congressional hearings when they say we are just stock owners and we dont know what is going on out there. They implemented an employer presentation plan. , we are like a three leg at stool lake at stool. We are really the same people. We have never made any money off ofcs i. The documents dont reflect it as much in 1915. They focus more on them misrepresentation plan. Tried to speak of the building at a dedication of the ludlow memorial. United mine workers president walked out to rockefellers car and says turnaround, you are not welcome here. I cant guarantee your safety. Tot happened when he comes weblog the idea was you want a union i will give you a union. It will be a companysponsored union. All of the pr is that it is great and wonderful. Not a lot of documents talking about the backlash of it. But the United Mine Workers had these ludlow days when people marched to remember it. It lives on in the minds of the mind workers mineworkers. Rockefeller comes and he is welcome. Think that all of the miners dont come together, he will go less ablehen there is to protest him. New york city is protesting him but here it is the year after it happens, a company held meetings with employees, so theres not a lot of space for them to be upset with him. There is also a series of letters in the archives where they have families that are living in mining camps that were writing letters asking him for , hey for band stands donated money to build a church in the area. These moments you think he didnt know what thats how bad the situation was. But there was a difference between his perspective of the nation and the miners perspective of the nation. He is living in a mansion in new york city, and these miners are living in squalor. There is a huge disconnect between them and there is also a language disconnect as well. So many of the programs he the 100ts, this is anniversary. Report that there are reports on all of these coal mines. It gives suggestions on how to improve some of the coal camps. There is also a gymnasium that is built, bowling alleys, basketball courts, reading rooms for women and also implement camps. There will be summer camps that are held for kids. This will be official implementation of them. Competitions. They will have a nail driving competition for them. They will have a heaviest woman competition. They will way the women and whoever is heaviest will win her weight in flowers. Children,s the most the camp doctor has to sign a paper for the women who has the most children in the camp and she will when shoes for all her kids. The men have first aid competition, showing if there was a mining accident they would be able to patch everybody up. They had a spoke competitions. A yearroundmes activity. Both by the company and the employees. This is a process of americanization and baseball is the symbol. I think that happens is the idea come you get hurt you can and talk about how you got hurt. Incident reports found that it is a fault of the employees. You will continue mine strikes and colorado. He will go in give speeches throughout the United States and greatnto canada about how the plan is and you dont have to have this socialist union. You could have a company union. It doesnt work. Rockefellersor the to say these are the things were doing to improve the situation. Idea of thehe greatest generation for people who worked for them i think the big shift is world war ii. A lot of them will be in the coal mines, they will go to war a comeback back and be able to get their associate degree and be an electrician. That shifts it for them to leave the coal mines and then you work in the steel mill and that gives them more of a living wage. But nothing really changes. Idea butod implementation doesnt really work. Issues with coal mining. They are still fighting for pensions for employees. Week i met with a man who was in the mines for 43 years. Gets a greatid he pension body is a Health Condition also. Scars of what the coal miners live with longterm is still an issue that is facing our nation, still a discussion we are having. That becomes of the president ial debate as far as how do we years are Raw Materials and resources. When well have have a huge incident and shall a 39 miners were arrested. There was a mine collapse in West Virginia that didnt make the headlines. Ishink the cost of coal weighing on our nation, i dont think we are dealing with it, global made a still of the. Are still seeing discussions 100 years later. With mattn continues harris on the Founding Fathers and religion. Often hear in the media that the culture wars especially with religion began in the 1980s with Ronald Reagan and the moral majority were instrumental in bringing him to office. There is has always been a conflict with religion and the role it plays in public life. During the founding generation i was amazed about this conflict that emerged clearly. Most of the founders believed that religion was necessary in order to prop up a new generation. It was very important. One of the only things these guys could agree on an terms of what religious liberty met is there should not be a state sponsored religion but also that americans should be able to freely exercise their religious beliefs. There are a whole host of differences in the First Amendment in terms of what it meant and why they included it. Jefferson, thomas they had fought against established religions in the 1780s. Madison was responsible in 1785 for creating a bill in virginia pamphlet and his colleague jefferson wrote a bill for religious freedom in which they argued that religion is a natural right. You can believe what you want to believe or not believe anything at all. These two virginians were trying toal in separate church from state. You see the First Amendment is a reflection on jefferson and madisons effort during the debate and efforts in the virginia legislature. Print there is in their imprints on two sides of the fence. If you lookthat back at the 1770s and 80s it was a novel idea because religion permeated everything this guy did, writing the state constitutions, you had to believe in the bible in order to hold Public Office. That was the sort of things we were fighting against. Luckily let people believe what they want. Decide what that fitness is. Lets not make a pledge a believe in something. Religionrecognize that was a vital role in the nations founding. They did not talk about religion at the constitutional convention. One of the only things they said was you didnt have to hold Public Office believe in the bible or some form of christianity to hold Public Office, there will be no religious litmus test. There was a lot of pushback because there it was argued that christians were only people fit for Public Office. They did not talk about religion a lot because i think they understood how divisive it was. A lot of the folks who were there were strong personalities who want to do separate church and state. Committed christians like patrick cameron. If he had gone he would not have agreed on some of the final outcome of the convention. He would have insisted there would have been some expression of christianity in the final document. To play anry wanted a bigger role. He thought it was important for the government to pass laws that would prop up religion. States had establishments of religion. If you were living in new england in the 1700s, your tax dollars would support the congregational church, a sort of grand imperialism. You pay our taxes and it would support a church. If you lived in virginia your tax dollars would support the local anglican church. Patrick henry and others like him believe that if you remove that Government Support that somehow the churches would crumble. They would not exist and people would not want to support them on their own. And yet at the cannery and his yeta neighbors Patrick Henry and his virginia neighbors said you would not need government to impose mandates. They would happen naturally as jefferson wrote. When theye the debate were talking about the constitutional convention. Religion did not govern the front and center of the constitution convention. When the constitution was finished it went out to each of the states for ratification, where the states would vote if they wanted to support the new constitution. They had to have nine state support. Religion was a big issue. A lot of the antifederalist became these are the folks that oppose the constitution. They saw that the constitution was silent with respect to the constitution. They proposed a litany of amendments from the getgo acknowledging jesus christ as creator and lord. ,he governor of the universe asking to include a phrase in the constitution that bible is the word of god. It didnt get anywhere. But yet they tried. A stronghere was belief as her was now that this is a christian nation. Is always inevil the details. Does that mean that a number of us are christians in this country . Does that mean we should privilege christianity and which version should we privilege . At the founding, there were people who thought that this was a christian nation from the very getgo in the 17th century. They wanted to acknowledge that inianity and founding the founding documents. That was an issue for people like samuel adams and cap turn henry and somek others. Me why does ited aster if we categorize this a christian nation or a secular founding, why does it at her . We want to try to get the history right, even though it is controversial, but it does policy debates are tied into the understanding of the founding. If we think this is a christian founding, we are more likely to support a law that says we can play pay pray in a classroom. If we think it is a secular more likely to oppose tax dollars to religious schools or saying prayers at Football Games are convocation ceremonies. Historicalions are and they matter because of our connection to public policy. Most people in this country recognize that religion has a role to play it codified the u. S. Constitution First Amendment. But when we Start Talking about it, limitations on religious , including some religious groups in Public Office because you dont like what their church teaches or something, you are getting into rough water with the constitution. It is clear because it says we are not supposed to impose a litmus test on these people. ,hen Joe Lieberman was running they said can we have a jewish man on the ticket. If you believe in the constitution of course you can. We had a mormon when mitt romney ran. When the constitution said there is no group religious litmus test, that is what it means. Presumably we can have an atheist. Any member number of religious beliefs. Americans would not judge them on their religious beliefs, agenda, theirheir policy. Does, but it shouldnt. One of the things i learned about writing this book with my it was contentious during the founding generation just as it is today. The question is would they be disagreements and the conflicts we have today in the public space . I dont think so at all. They experienced it themselves. We have always said trials in our nation and will always probably will. Tv is in pueblo, colorado learning more about the citys literary fame. We talk about the Book Mountain mafia. You think of mafia being a new york or l. A. And certainly pueblo was connected with these. Pueblo was known as liberal chicago. The mafia was big care. The black hand as it was originally called. It started with italian immigrants coming into colorado to work in the coal mines in the southern part of the state, or to work in the steel mill in pueblo. They were recruited. The steel mill did not have enough men. As were sent out all over the United States and that drew the people here. The black hand, which was basically extortion came with them. Most of them had a lot of the farm, many owned various solutions as they were called outnightclubs around town on the mesa. Some of them were businessmen, one of the bars was between santa fe and main street. ,ne was owned by Charlie Blanda at that time it was called the holiday in, not like the hotel chain. This was the bar that most of us as kids knew was there and could see people going in and out. They were legitimate businessman. Some of them had machines that dispense candy. This was a different. Of time. I can remember going to the Grocery Store as a young child where they had punch boards and you could pay a penny and stick a knife thing through one of the holes and you might win the something. But usually you did not win anything. But this was a form of gambling. Nobody ever said you are a kid you cant do this. All of us did this. It was a small town. I grew up. It was 50,000 people. Everybody knew everybody. You could not sneeze with body saying bless you. You had different people with Different Levels of income. You had the wealthier and other people that were poor like any town. It was a nice place to be, i think. So the mafia didnt just prey on ordinary Citizens Walking along the street. There were two factions here that really came during prohibition, the danners fours brothers and the carlinos two brothers, and they were fighting for control of sale of liquor in the southern part of the state. One of the very famous instances was the shootout over the baxter bridge out east of pueblo on the bridge that crossed the arkansas. The danners were coming down the hill on to the bridge so they had the advantage to shoot from. The carlinos were coming across from the lower part. Two of the carleno people were killed. I need to quality it a little. It wasnt just those two families. It was all of their immediate relatives, inlaws and friends that were together in this. Anyway, the shooting went on for at least four hours, over 500 shots were fired. One side ran out of bullets and had to send back to pueblo for more ammunition. The result was two of the danner men we