Appreciate the concern. Host thank you. Ronald davis thank you. Host thank you. [applause] [applause] congress on holiday recess, the cspan Network Features a full lineup of prime time programming. Monday night at 8 00, laura logan and other journalists who have risked their lives in the middle east. And celebrity activists from the entertainment world speak out on a variety of issues. Wednesday night, events from the archives featuring notable public figures who died in 2015. And on thursday, a look back at the year in congress. And on new years day my friday night at 8 00, Law Enforcement officials and activists explore the Justice System and its impact on minorities. Memoirs by tv, reporters, activists, and a former press secretary for the white house. And on tuesday night, books on economics and the economy. On wednesday, authors talk about science and technology. Thursday, discussions on isis and terrorism. And on new years day, friday night, several of our indepth. Rograms from this year and then American History tv on cspan3, monday at 8 00, the 70th anniversary of the liberation of auschwitz. Tuesday, a congressional ceremony on the anniversary of the 13th amendment. Wednesday night, a debate on what president would be a better model for gop president s today. Thursday, road into the white house rewind. And on friday night, a playwright and star of hamilton, except the George Washington book prize special achievement award. That is some of the programs featured in primetime on cspan networks. Cspan takes you on the road to the white house and into the classroom. This year, our documentary contest asked students to talk about which issues they want to hear from candidates. Follow the road to the white house coverage and get details on our student contest. Member of themer president s task force on 20th Century Policing talks about accountability and recommendations for how Law Enforcement can be more effective at their jobs. From the university of Chicago Law School, this is one hour. On the next washington journal, host my name is jeffrey stone. I have the pleasure of introducing our keynote speaker this afternoon. It is mystone opportunity to do this, because when i was at law school, i invited her and her this is one of the benefits of that. Tracy received her degree at the university of Chicago Law School in 1991. Amazingly, this spring marks the 25th anniversary of her graduation from law school. It is ok. I happen to be with the professor at a reception the other night, a wonderful organization in chicago that works to improve the prison system, and one guest there told me that the professor had just informed her that after earning her undergraduate degree from the university of illinois in engineering, she was contemplating going to lock go, but being in engineering student she did not know much about law school and she was tentatively planning to go to georgetown. According to the story, then being at the university of Chicago Law School, she wound up serendipitously here. I am pleased to say that i was the dean. It was one of the best decisions i ever made, in terms of bringing people to the law school will with the exception of hiring barack obama. Sorry. In any event, upon graduating, the professor served as a clerk on the United States court of circuit. Or the seventh she then returned to the university of Chicago Law School as an assistant professor and later served as a professor of law and director of the Law School Center for studies in criminal justice. Then several years ago, in a judgment, shel ven where she ha remains to this day. During her to stay with career marita deeply in this law school, the professor has worked extensively among other things with the federal government. From 2004 until 2011, she served on the committee of law and justice, the standing academy of sciences and in 2010 she was named to sit on the department created board. Ly and last year, president obama named her as a member of his task force for 20th Century Policing. Her research focuses on criminal procedure and policy with a particular emphasis on investigation. She has a long list of scholarly articles and import them books, including, legitimacy and criminal justice. In a time of Widespread National concern about community safety, criminal justice, and police practices, Tracey Meares is one of the most innovative scholars in the field. It is my pleasure to present my former students and my special friend, professor tracey meare. [applause] Tracey Meares thank you for that generous introduction. I was honored to be asked by the university of chicago to give this keynotes and thrilled to be able to come back home. Hyde park has changed. [laughter] in so many good ways. I admit to feeling sad about the demise of the , the food was fs wereat, but the snif incomparable. My primary goal today was to emphasize the hard work, great 10 of my otherh colleagues who ranged from police chief, too young activists, to civil rights lawyers and union representatives. We all serve together on the task force. This task force was created in the wake of the shooting of Michael Brown in ferguson and the death of eric gardner in new york. The president was especially concerned about the unrest that followed these incidences and he stated, this is actually a quote henthe back of the report, w any part of the American Family does not feel like they are being treated fairly, it is a problem for all this. Not just a problem for some, but it means we are not as strong as we can be. It means we are not as effective at fighting crime as we could be. I task force was charged with examining how to foster strong relationships with local Law Enforcement and communities they protect and it makes specific recommendations on how policing practices can promote effective Crime Reduction while Building Public trust. For those of you in the much colder room, the first pillar is called Building Trust and legitimacy and i think that that is the foundation of good policing. I will hit on that topic. But there is a fight the tour ur andat comes deto that comes because i was here last week for the International AssociationPolice Conference and there i heard the fbi the policeeak at executive research forum, they have an annual town meeting, and because i heard him speak at that gathering i decided to shift in my remarks a bit. , he echoed what he had said here just a few days before, maybe even in this room. He worried about the National Spike in homicides and he said, referring to a conversation he had with an officer who told him that he felt, this officer felt he was under siege, because people are watching him with a cell phone and this officer told the director that he did not feel it getting out of his car. And the director said, i do not know if this explains it, that it is the National Spike in homicides, but i do have a strong sense that part of the explanation is a chill wind blowing through american Law Enforcement over the last year. And that wind is surely changing behavior. That wind is surely changing behavior. I will leave aside for the moment whether there is a ,ational surge in homicides even if there were, whether this there is any reliable serious data that there is a change in police behavior, as opposed to anecdotal reports of understandable changes in feeling and attitudes of police who are now being more scrutinized than ever. That could be partially responsible for this change. I am happy to return to these topics, but here is what i would like to focus remarks on today, that is that i think the Public Safety narrative has lost its way. It needs to be redirected and reshaped. That is why i chose this title, i am not sure you know my title, but i was told i need to have a title, for cspan. [laughter] ainst public ag safety and for Public Security. Trustport makes public central and the question is, how do we do it . The Public Safety narrative, by that i mean the narrative that makes what police do, the number of police strategies, where they i will call it Police Effectiveness. Public support for police is directly related to the publics evaluation of Police Effectiveness. This turns out to be not the case. You might find that surprising today in a world where there is so much discussion about Police Effectiveness and media policies. The notion of a ferguson affect itself suggest there is a crisis that we might need such that tomight need sacrifice Police Effectiveness concern to fulfill our about police accountability, etc. It might surprise some of you 30 iunder the age of cannot even pretend that i am under 30 anymore. It might surprise you to learn that the idea of Police Effectiveness at Crime Reduction with respect to evaluation of police is a metric of relatively recent. For decades, many scholars of policing and police itself leaves Law Enforcement has little impact on crime rates. Scholar,ley, a police who several people know well summed it up nicely in his 1994 book. The police do not prevent crime. That is one of the best kept secrets of modern life. Experts know it, the police know it but the public does not know it. Yet, the police pretend they are societys best defense against crime and agree if they are given more resources, especially personnel, they will be able to protect communities against crime. This is a myth. Today, of course, Police Executives are expected to reduce crime in their jurisdiction. Potential to impact crime rate is conventional wisdom thanks to the folks in this room like david, frank, there he is sitting right next to david. Other folks across the midway as well. However, as my colleague noted in his testimony a few months ago, while police have seemingly become better and better over time at reducing crime, surveys indicating levels of public support for and confidence in police have remained relatively flat over the same period of time in which crime rates have fallen precipitously. Perceptions of trust and confidence were grounded in assessments of Police Effectiveness this is not what we should be finding. One might ask if Police Effectiveness does not drive public trust, what does . Another answer might be police lawfulness. Again, in light of repeated incidents of quite Shocking Police brutality, considering the tragic death of walter scott who was shot in the back by a white Police Officer, we might think commitment to the rule of law, and especially constitutional constraints that shape engagements with the public and. Police would support public trust police would support public trust. There are a couple of problems to think about that relationship. One, of course, is whether we have an objective measure of police lawfulness. We heard a little bit about that in the report about how we count civilian deaths at the hands of police. He gave us very Interesting Data about that. Im not relying on data. If you look at the time over which time has declined, many people probably think that there is a much higher level of police lawfulness today than there used to be. There was an nrc report that seemed to indicate that. It came out about 10 years ago. I collaborated on that report. Not as confident in our assessment of that conclusion based on recent events. Here is another issue with thinking about the relationship between police lawfulness and assessment of public trust. That comes out of my own research with tom tyler and jacob gardner. It illustrates public assessments of how the public thinks about whether police are doing a good job are not really that sensitive to whether police are behaving consistently with constitutional law, because the public does not define lawfulness or determines sanctioning through the same lens of legality that police and other authorities used. This research that im talking about is forthcoming in the journal of criminal law and d criminology. We have empirical evidence showing this assumption. It is the promotion of public trust, then we have to recognize policeoth effectiveness and police lawfulness or relevant, neither alone is sufficient. I think the Public Safety narrative lost its way when many of its major advocates began to argue that Police Effectiveness becomee reduction has selfjustifying. That Police Effectiveness at Crime Reduction is a warrant for itself. It is not. We need a new narrative and i decided to emphasize the word security as opposed to safety. There may be a better phrase, but here is the primary point we need a Mission Statement for policing that recognizes that people desire to be kept safe from each other, security , as well as free from government repression. That pursuit of both at the same time is not a zerosum game. How to achieve both . I think the answer is fairly clear, or part of the answer, and that is with and through a commitment to policing that makes legitimacy and procedural justice central to its mission. You are going to learn much more about this research and these ideas when tom tyler summarizes his paper, so im not going to take his thunder. This will also give us more time for questions at the end. Im going to sketch out some basic points now. Here is the basic. Theory. Peoples conclusions regarding their assessments of the fairness of legal actors, institutions and law does not flow primarily from their assessments of the police at Crime Reduction or apprehension of wrongdoers. People tend to place much more weight on how authorities exercise their power as opposed to the ends at which that power is exercised. Researchers studied public evaluations. Political leaders, judges, teachers and the findings are pretty consistent. Conclusions concerning legitimacy are tied more closely to the judgment of the fairness of the actions than to evaluations or fairness of the effectiveness of the outcome. In the social, psychological literature, judgments regarding fairness consist on four factors. Isst, participation or voice an important element. People report much higher levels of satisfaction in encounters with authorities when they have opportunities to explain their perspective on those encounters. This is also true if you generalize. Havingpation and commentary on lawmaking and so forth. These are general examples of voice. Second, people care a great deal about the fairness of decisionmaking by authorities. By this i mean, they are looking decisionmaker neutrality, objectivity and transparency, consistency. Third, people care a great deal about how they are treated by an organization and representatives. Specifically, people desire to be treated with respect of their rights and politeness. Fourth, their interactions with authorities, people want to believe the authorities they are dealing with are acting out of a sense of benevolence for them. By this i mean what people are looking for is a sense of the motive of the authority that they are dealing with. They want to believe they are sincere and wellintentioned. Basically, what members of the public want is to believe that the authority that they are dealing with lets say a Police Officer believes that they count. I will repeat that. If i am a member of the public and im dealing with a Police Officer, i want to believe that that Police Officer believes course,ount even if, of that officer does not believe that. That is kind of the tricky part about this. That it is all about my perceptions, your perceptions, the publics perceptions. The way that we operate in the world is we are making these assessments by evaluating how we are treated in these interactions. These dynamics are inherently relational. They are not instrumental. Rather than being primarily concerned with outcomes and individual maximization of utility im saying that in this room. [laughter] legitimacy based compliance is centered on individual identity. There is a lot more to be said about that and why that is true. I dont actually have time to go into that. David will talk about it at the end. Im sure tom will talk more about that this afternoon. Here is one implication. En police generate good feelings in their everyday contacts, it turns out people are motivated to help them fight crime and we can expect that when they are, there will be lower crime rates in communities. This is not the only benefit of this approach, right . Another approach and benefit of authorities treating members of the public with dignity and fairness is more healthy and democratic communities. Finally, if that were not enough, the research actually shows that when officers take this approach, it is better and healthier for them on the streets. So, how do we get there . Maderesidents task force a number of recommendations. Im going to highlight a few of them. I do encourage you to read this report. There are a large number of important doable recommendations. It will take all of us working togeth