Birth of our savior, jesus christ. An important part is remembering our fathers love. God loved us so much that he sent his son to earth, so that we may better understand that love. As we love and care for our families, strive to protect them, and no matter how grown our children get long for what is best for them, we can start to grasp the magnitude of gods love and reflect not only throughout the christmas season, but also every day. For many families this time of year is when children learn. Harity and service to others and realize that giving to others is always more important than receiving. For those of different faiths, including those who choose not to observe a higher power, or religious faith, the season is observed with many different traditions. The season as a reminder of our greatest american values, insured by our constitution. The freedom of religion. Spend the holidays of volunteering to serve others in our communities. The diversity of our celebration is part of the magic of christmas. It brings people together in so many different ways, especially in service to others. We all know people in our communities who are making good things happen. They reach out to those who are hurting, shelter those without, and demonstrate examples of Selfless Service throughout our great nation. Volunteer countless hours to lessen the versions of others. To all of those giving americans, no that you are setting lasting examples. Acts of seemingly small caring words, or holding a majority generator current of kindness. Thank you for your love and the kindness you share. We gather together with our loved ones this christmas, let us not forget to take time to enjoy the little end of the things more. The joy in the eyes of children, the laughs of friends and family, the snowcovered trees, the food on our tables, clean water, and heat, and all the many other blessings we have as americans. Witnessed bothve abroad and at home the real threat to our way of life. In the face of these unspeakable acts of terror, men and women still selflessly volunteer themselves to defend families, neighbors, communities, and our nation. Thank you to all our First Responders and Law Enforcement officers who serve in the face of evil. And to the men and women of our military, many of whom are far from home right now, missing their families, and the joys of this holiday season, we thank you. Your sacrifice and dedication to your country is a dutch we can never fully repaid. Debt we can never fully repay. And to the families, the many military families across this country who sets the next replace at their tables in honor of a loved one deployed in the service of our nation, we thank you. Also very the cost of our freedoms and protection of americans at home and abroad. Many, 2015 has been a year of great challenges and impactful events. The terrorist attacks and the continued struggle of millions across america and around the a grim reminder that we cannot take our wellbeing for granted. Close, iear draws to a hope that those who have struggled will find optimism in the dawn of a new year parade these challenges will unite us. Our compassion will match our strength. In a beautiful world, with some very dark corners. Light can beore shed into the dark corners throughout this christmas season, and the year ahead. And that gods love can be felt and reflected in every corner of our hearts, of our country, and the world is god bless you all. Merry christmas. Is 2015 reps of, cspan presents congress, a year in review. A look back at the issues, debates and hearings that took center stage on capitol hill this year. Ms. Us as we revisit Mcconnell Mitch mcconnell taking his position. The resignation of House Speaker john boehner and the election of paul ryan. The debate over the nuclear deal, and Mass Shootings here and abroad. Gun control, terrorism, the rise of isis. Review, year in december 31 at 8 00 p. M. Eastern. Next a former member of the president s task force on policing talks about accountability and recommendations for how Law Enforcement can be more effective at their jobs. From the university of Chicago Law School, this is one hour. Host my name is jeffrey stone. I have the pleasure of introducing our keynote speaker this afternoon. It is my opportunity to do this, because when i was at law school, i invited her and her this is one of the benefits of that. Tracy received her degree at the university of Chicago Law School in 1991. Amazingly, this spring marks the 25th anniversary of her graduation from law school. It is ok. I happen to be with the professor at a reception the other night, a wonderful organization in chicago that works to improve the prison system, and one guest there told me that the professor had just informed her that after earning her undergraduate degree from the university of illinois in engineering, she was contemplating going to law school, but being in engineering student she did not know much about law school and she was tentatively planning to go to georgetown. According to the story, then being at the university of Chicago Law School, she wound up serendipitously here. I am pleased to say that i was the dean. It was one of the best decisions i ever made, in terms of bringing people to the law school, with the exception of hiring barack obama. Sorry. In any event, upon graduating, the professor served as a clerk on the United States court of appeals for the seventh circuit. She spent several years working for the department of justice. She then returned to the university of Chicago Law School as an assistant professor and later served as a professor of law and director of the Law School Center for studies in criminal justice. Then several years ago, in a moment of awful judgment, she headed to new haven where she remains to this day. During her distinguished career, rooted deeply in this law school, the professor has worked extensively among other things with the federal government. From 2004 until 2011, she served on the committee of law and justice, the standing academy of sciences and in 2010 she was named to sit on the department of justices newly created board. And last year, president obama named her as a member of his task force for 20th century policing. Her research focuses on criminal procedure and policy with a particular emphasis on empirical investigation. She has a long list of scholarly bookses and important including, legitimacy and , criminal justice. In a time of Widespread National concern about community safety, criminal justice, and police practices, Tracey Meares is one of the most innovative scholars in the field. She is truly a national leader. It is my pleasure to present my former students and my special friend, professor Tracey Meares. [applause] Tracey Meares thank you for that generous introduction. I was honored to be asked by the leaders of the university of Chicago Legal Forum to give this keynote, and was truly thrilled to be able to come back home. Hyde park has changed. [laughter] in so many good ways. I admit to feeling sad about the demise of ribs and dips. The food was not great, but the sniffs were incomparable. My primary goal today was to emphasize the hard work, great work, i did with 10 of my other colleagues who ranged from police chief, to young activists, to civil rights lawyers and union representatives. We all served together on the president s task force on 21st century policing. This task force was created in the wake of the shooting of Michael Brown in ferguson and the death of eric gardner in new york. The president was especially concerned about the unrest that followed these incidences and he stated, this is actually a quote on the back of the report, when any part of the American Family does not feel like they are being treated fairly, it is a problem for all of us. It is not just a problem for democ or a certain graphic. It means we are not as strong as we can be. It means we are not as effective at fighting crime as we could be. Our task force was charged with examining how to foster strong relationships with local Law Enforcement and communities they protect and make specific recommendations on how policing practices can promote effective Crime Reduction while Building Public trust. It was a theme you heard about a little bit today for those of you in the much colder of the room. The first pillar is called Building Trust and legitimacy and i think that that is the foundation of good policing. That is what i was going to talk about today. And i will hit on that topic. But there is a slight detour and that comes because i was here last week for the International Association of chiefs of Police Annual conference. And there i heard the fbi director speak at the Police Executive research forum, they have an annual town meeting, and because i heard him speak at that gathering i decided to shift in my remarks a bit. At that meeting, he echoed what he had said here just a few days before, maybe even in this room. He worried about the National Spike in homicides and he said, referring to a conversation he had with an officer who told him that he felt, this officer felt he was under siege, because people are watching him with a cell phone and this officer told the director that he did not feel like getting out of his car. And the director said, i do not know if this explains it, that it is the National Spike in homicides, but i do have a strong sense that part of the explanation is a chill wind blowing through american Law Enforcement over the last year. And that wind is surely changing behavior. That wind is surely changing behavior. I will leave aside for the moment whether there is a National Surge in homicides, even if there were, whether this means there is any reliable serious data that there is a change in police behavior, as opposed to anecdotal reports of understandable changes in feelings and attitudes of police who are now being more closely scrutinized than ever. That could be partially responsible for this change. I am happy to return to these topics, but here is what i would like to focus my remarks on today, that is that i think the Public Safety narrative has lost its way. It needs to be redirected and reshaped. That is why i chose this title, i am not sure you know my title, but i was told i need to have a title, for cspan. [laughter] my title is, against Public Safety and for Public Security. Let me explain. The president s Task Force Report makes public trust central to the mission of policing, and the question is, how do we do it . The Public Safety narrative, by that i mean the narrative that makes what police do, the number of police strategies, where they go, absolutely central to Crime Reduction. I will call it Police Effectiveness. It suggests public support for police is directly related to the publics evaluation of Police Effectiveness. This turns out to be not the case. You might find that surprising today in a world where there is so much discussion about Police Effectiveness and media policies. The notion of a ferguson affect itself suggest there is a crisis that we might need such that we might need to sacrifice Police Effectiveness in order to fulfill our concern about police accountability, etc. It might surprise some of you in this room who are under the age of 30 i cannot even pretend that i am under 30 anymore. It might surprise you to learn that the idea of Police Effectiveness at Crime Reduction as a metric that should matter, with respect to evaluation of police is a metric of relatively recent vintage. For decades, many scholars of policing and police itself believed Law Enforcement had little impact on crime rates. David bailey, a police scholar, who several people in this room know well summed it up nicely in his 1994 book. I will quote. The police do not prevent crime. That is one of the best kept secrets of modern life. Experts know it, the police know it but the public does not know it. Yet, the police pretend they are societys best defense against crime and agree if they are given more resources, especially personnel, they will be able to protect communities against crime. This is a myth. Today, of course, Police Executives are expected to reduce crime in their jurisdiction. Policings potential to impact crime rate is conventional wisdom thanks to the folks in this room like david, frank there he is sitting right next to david. And other folks across the midway as well. However, as my colleague noted in his testimony before the task force a few months ago, while police have seemingly become better and better over time at reducing and addressing crime surveys indicating levels of , public support for and confidence in police have remained relatively flat over the same period of time in which crime rates have fallen precipitously. And so perceptions of trust and , confidence were grounded in assessments of Police Effectiveness this is not what we should be finding. One might ask if Police Effectiveness does not drive public trust, what does . Another answer might be police lawfulness. Again, in light of repeated incidents of quite Shocking Police brutality, considering the tragic death of walter scott in north charleston, South Carolina who was shot in the , back by a white Police Officer, we might think commitment to the rule of law, and especially constitutional constraints that shape engagements with the public and police would support public trust. Of Course Police compliance is an important compliant component. There are a couple of problems to think about that relationship. One, of course, is whether we have an objective measure of police lawfulness. We heard a little bit about that in the report about how we count civilian deaths at the hands of police. He gave us very Interesting Data about that. I think there is a general sense, and here i am not relying on data, that if you look at the time over which time has declined, many people probably think that there is a much higher level of police lawfulness today than there used to be. There was an nrc report that seemed to indicate that. It came out about 10 years ago. I collaborated on that report. I am not as confident in our assessment of that conclusion based on recent events. Here is another issue with thinking about the relationship between police lawfulness and assessment of public trust. That comes out of my own research with tom tyler and jacob gardner. It illustrates public judgment of legitimacy of how the public thinks about whether police are doing a good job are not really that sensitive to whether police are behaving consistently with constitutional law, because the public does not define lawfulness or determines sanctioning through the same lens of legality that police and other authorities used. This piece, this research that im talking about is forthcoming in the journal of criminal law and criminology. It is called, lawful warfare, how laypeople view good policing. Before goal is promotion of public trust, then we have to recognize while both Police Effectiveness and police lawfulness are both relevant neither alone is sufficient. , i think the Public Safety narrative lost its way when many of its major advocates began to argue that Police Effectiveness at Crime Reduction has become selfjustifying. That Police Effectiveness at Crime Reduction is a warrant for itself. It is not. We need a new narrative and i decided to emphasize the word security as opposed to safety. There may be a better phrase, maybe you do not like security, but here is the primary point we need a Mission Statement for policing that recognizes that people desire to be kept safe from each other, security crime, as well as free from government repression. That pursuit of both at the same time is not a zerosum game. How to achieve both . I think the answer is fairly clear, or part of the answer, and that is with and through a commitment to policing that makes legitimacy and procedural justice central to its mission. You are going to learn much more about this research and these ideas when tom tyler summarizes his paper, so im not going to take his thunder. This will also give us more time for questions at the end. Im going to sketch out some basic points now. Here is the basic theory. Peoples conclusions regarding their assessments of the fairness of legal actors, institutions and law does not flow primarily from their assessments of the Police Effectiveness at