Matters about how work is done, but with essential respect for the delegated role of a faculty and academic policy is critical. I think that we need to be Building Systems that can do that job. I also think that the there is a town here that the governments is worse now than it ever has been. If you look at the literature on governments and the facts on governments over the last half 100 years, it has always been at messy. It has never worked all of that perfectly. Whether we are talking about internal government or external governments boards and legislatures. There is a lot of messiness on both sides of those things. I remember my president saying he came and left the job the same way fired with enthusiasm. He was one of the Great Public University president s. He fell victim to politics. It happens to the best of them then, it happens to the best of them now. I do think what is different now, this is now the peoples business. What we have to be paying attention to now more than i think we did in the past is not just how the institution is managed and what good for the institution, but the connection between the institution and the public needs for it. That means a much more attention to student flow across institutions. Much more attention for what is happening to our public school. We cannot have a Great Research at our Public Schools are failing. It does not work. We cannot have a Great Research if we are not getting people from Community Colleges into our institution. The connectedness question is much more important then i think it was 30 years ago. And that requires different tempos, a different focus, and a different focus. Going from there, talking little bit about affordability financially. This is my third Higher Education gathering. At all of them, the higher and people are saying, really, we are affordable, this is not a crisis. The media blowing it up with these unrepresentative stories about people who owe 100,000. They are creating a perception. I hear that, but i also know that there is something very not good going on there. During the housing crisis, it was probably 3 of houses that got close, but nobody would say there was no housing crisis. I also know that whenever we are right affordability stories, there is this populist outrage. It is a little bit like when i covered abortion. It is that hot because it is so close to the American Dream and is this now just getting reserved a for the elite. As we looked at it in a journalism lands, it has seemed to us, and this will probably offend most of you, but to be higher at to touche the Higher Education institutions have not covered themselves in glory. The enrollment and a Financial Aid of people are not being very strict because they want to enroll people with what the costs are really going to be and what the alternatives might be of coming to their wonderful places. What it means to take out a loan and how much is reasonable for a person to borrow. It is true that this is a matter of public choice, really. People have the right to make the choices they want. But i want to hear from you all whether there is more you think the university should be doing without stepping on peoples right to send their kids to whatever school they think their kids should go to. Is there more you all could and should be doing to help guide those choices and make it less about enrolling everybody in your institution . Anybody who wants to talk should. I think a lot of the public outrage is what is happening in private Higher Education, not public. Not entirely. People do not understand that private and public Higher Education are not associated with increase spending but our associate with reduction in state supporters. Having said that, and since this is a conference on public universities, we have an obligation to be efficient stewards with the resources that we do get from the states. That means there are all sorts of efforts to try to make sure that the money is promoted primarily to the key academic organizations to reduce our administrative costs. There are a number of large universities that very publicly have done that and our consulting. We have to figure out ways to increase and we reduced the cost of our instructional activities without reducing the quality. My own research basically shows that as the shared faculty of an institution six years graduations go down. We cannot do it just by substituting lower priced the people. We have to find ways to improve learning. This is where technology is going to come in. A lot of people can talk more technically than i can about the role of new technologies and an improving education and reducing course. You hear the things as such of the open learning initiative periods open learning initiatives. And we have to figure out ways of sharing Academic Resources more across campuses in a system. But also across institutions which are our competitors. Every institution cannot afford we cannot all cover it. How do we enrich our curriculum . And then, finally, there is the whole issue which you raised this question will there eventually be one or two Major ResearchUniversity Powerhouses that will develop introductory courses . Will other institutions buy and then reduce their costs to the universities to help them do the things that they do. I definitely want to get back to other ways to do those first two years. I also want to go back to the question of a Financial Aid and what the universities do. We all know that the reason the public tuitions are going up so fast as the lower stage of appropriations. The public knows that the public universities used to be cheap and theyre now going up much faster than private. It is not an amount. But the private system is still expensive. It will catch up. [indiscernible] that is wrong. The gap in dollar terms is frightening. It used to be so cheap to go to Public University that nobody even thought about this whole thing. Was fined. It was so cheap. In the gaming status, publics are still going up very fast. I just want to hear there is nobody here who would say that the public has not done everything they could to help people understand the cost. It is not cheap to go to Public University. But it is still the principal cost continues to be the cost of living, not the cost of paying for instructions. It is just the opposite of private institutions or that costa several times the cost of living. I think part of the Public Perception misconception falls on people who set the bar by sang the more you spend, the better off you are. Whether it is the Michigan Football team whatever. But the reality you were just told is that it is almost as cheap today in terms of instructional costs and spending as it was 20 years ago. Ok . And Community Colleges, you could say they are even cheaper. So, none of you think that any Public Research universities that you have done anything with has done anything that wasnt wonderful that is a distortion. We are not saying that in the least. What we are saying is you have to get the facts right first before you unleash the barack. Unleashed the miragbarrage. One is not always comfortable that one is doing everything in a way that will leave one with the wistful sleep of a newborn baby. Particularly, in a situation like ours where we are maintaining access and affordability very aggressively through a very successful high tuition, high strategy for our vermont residents. But we are 75 , 76 of our students are coming from outof state. It is possible to place critical pressure on the question of the balance of merit and so on for that Large Population of non resident students who become an institution as we are an institution and served many students from other states and wonder if we have that balance quite right. I will say that we do our best in good faith. To strike that balance, knowing there are moral complexities and policy complexities to the issue. I do want to reinforce what jim just said. Our educational costs from a 25year period from the mid 1980s have gone up 0. 4 one year on a compound annual basis. There are very few enterprises that have contained costs that well. I also agree with ron. We have to do everything we can, not only to manage costs extremely affectively as the report from the National Academies calls upon us to do, but also to make sure that the outcomes for our students are as good as they can be. The Value Proposition has to be at the center of the call so we are steering toward. Let me try something here. I think that the flash point of public critique about Higher Education and rising tuition, no question about it, we have a very strong positive, still, for Higher Education. There is a huge vulnerability for concern about rising prices. Theres a belief they are going up because we are paying attention to institutional advantage over student and over families. I do not think all of those perceptions are factually driven, but they are the very real. No matter how sliceanddice the data, prices go up every year. We have to go with a much more straightforward way. Distinctions between prices and costs, between tuition and fees, the games we play over tuition policy can contribute to confusion. I think we have a factual problem and a communication problem. It is not something we cant take her over. If someone were landing from mars and looking at our education system, this was an education editor who said this to me. They are all trying to get each others outofstate students because they pay more. That just drives up the cost of education for everybody and lets them take in more money. It is a frustrating to hear, again, we are doing it very well, we are doing it very cheaply, not so much about this is an unusual situation in the sense that they are not displacing any instate students. The real problem occurs in states where theremars and lookr education system, this was an education editor who said this to me. They are all trying to get each others outofstate students because they pay more. That just drives up are underserved populations and increases dramatically. So is the issue of efforts to diversify the student body across international lines. The International Students bring neat things to the institutions, but also, they bring more revenue. There are also affected by what we can do. I dont mean to keep bragging, but one of the things we are doing is that we are using the revenue, the extra revenue that we get to provide a funding so the low income students can study abroad. These are important Public Policy issues. We are very sensitive to the fact that we have held our education expenditures across the country at a steady flow and mostly increases of tuition are to take up for the drop in per capita students. Having said that, with Public Institutions and public purposes, and there is a perception that we have a problem. That we are not being as response driven. I think less of a perception today and some senses then when we had the cuts and people knew we had cuts. We want to have access. We want to have completion. Half we feel deeply we have a public purpose. I think there is more we could do. I think the university of maryland system had an expansion. A lot of people think that is very interesting. I think we should worry about whether or not our students get jobs. There is a conversation about how we do that. Public universities what public boards are struggling to respond to this. The public concerns and how to reduce costs. More than i have seen ever, in part, because of the recession. We do not want you to go away thinking you are being provocative, i know. Thinking that we do not believe deeply in public feud Public Institutions responsibility to respond. Well, we do, but we also have to report that your percentage increases are much higher. Actualdont you put the dollar amount . You do not have the numbers. That is the point. If harvard increases at half the rate of a five times the amount. If that is put out there, who is going to say that harvard is increasing less than michigan. I know that we put to both of those. As one of the really we are very anxious that the public understands that when George Washington university and has a 60,000 tuition that that really out fliers that should be the public. It is true, they are very different. I am sorry, go ahead. The other point i am trying to make is that these are public, but theyre also state universities. They have public obligations to the states. They do maintain the lowest possible costs to students from outside of the state from whom they receive no money from california or from china. They are private institutions. Their actual costs are much less than most other private institutions. You have to understand, and i think we tried to explain that we are really only truly publicly financed for our in netstate students and that is where our priorities are. From out of state will provide you with the opportunity to attend, but we are a private institution to you folks. We will try to do our best. We need to think about where the u. S. Didnt where the u. S. Student we never had a conservative actor a concerted effort of a ranking system. The report does. It is almost entirely prestige and important. In its judgments as opposed to outcomes. We need to think more about how to deal with this problem. The Public University has the system of accountability. But that is not everybody, of course. Its caught some way so were trying to adjust its. But how to half in place incentives systems to focus on outputs is a big deal. During the brief period of time, i joined with the president s at columbia and stanford. He understood exactly how distorted that Rating System was. But then several days later the people told him how much that issue generated in terms of profits and if he wanted to stay its editor, he better leave it alone. Here again, the role of the president comes in. He was very disturbed because the u. S. Rankings were falling. Day asked him to go out and drum up more applicants so the universe would look more selective. He said to them, im not going to go to rural areas of wisconsin of the poorest schools where children have no chance of getting estimate into my institution and mislead them to read because he was able to educate the board on the social role of the institution and that was more important than prestige. Even in private universities you have that problem. When he was first president of cornell, it seemed like the activity was going down to the competitors but there were Getting Better at a slower rate than competitors. His reply was, how selective you have to be to be a Prestigious University . The next year when he saw the number of pell grant recipients fell, we went through a wall. He convinced the board it was important to do that during the worst education economic decline. The key role of the president in making clear to the board what fundamental objectives of the university should be. Those are good stories. There is also the president of a wellrecorded university in a state going very fast so it cannot serve everybody whose contract gave him more money if he got into the top 10 Public Research universities on the world report. Who is in the competition for more merit scholars from out of state. Has an honor Student College set mostly serves the out of staters. There are bad stories. Those are the ones and similarly, on the west coast, when you have arizona and california and washington all competing because there is not enough space in states, is is really problematic. When i was out there on some version of this, there Chinese Students are out, i think 10 . There is more Chinese Students then from elsewhere in the United States. I was talking to their relativelya new president and could they have a new system where the American Students not from washington paid more than the instate students, but substantially less in the foreign students. He said, there might be some support for that, because after all, we are getting a fair amount of National Funding one way or another. But, of course, that are private to the outofstate people. There is also a National Obligation about how we are going to educate the most people most chiefly. My return to that for a moment. In the National Academy report and recommendations there were making to committees, states, and businesses and universities, we rackham we recognized that the number one concern of the American Public was the perception of costs were not being adequately controlled. And we believed very strongly that universities actually have to demonstrate through achievement that pathway to control. We essentially asked them to take the pledge for the next decade. They would hold the cost for ongoing activities. By the inflation rate, we did not mean the Higher Education which would mean for most institutions we are challenging them to trim 1 , 1. 5 , of their budget. Interestingly enough, even with , weral the late president s had unanimous support for that recommendation. My sense is that many of the publics are being forced to do that anyway. That will give an enormous in digestion to the richest of the