Today. Reagan is the anything beneficial. Thats the thing, theyre the two biggest political figures. Theres really no such thing as a nixon republican or democratic democrat or jan son democrat but there are such things as reagan republicans, even reagan democrats. Are the and reagan big figures. Host Doug Brinkley is a native of northeast ohio, a graduate, and hes dr. Brinkley because of georgetown university. Currently he teaches at rice. Brian in east massachusetts, republican. Hi, brian. Caller hi. Thank you for taking my call. I had two questions for you. I understand that nixons mother was a father and that his father was failed in a lemon rafrpbl. I wonder how that afect the nation. Also, what about nixons participation with whitaker chambers and the pumpkin paper . Do you think that had any effect on when nixon resigned . Thank you very much for my que. Caller youre pointing out, who is this boy, Richard Nixon . You talk about his parents. Its going to a whole linebacker. Now its all sprawled for nixon. When it was learn, he was a where i grew up. But it was a lot of talking cowboys and there was something defeat about nixon. He became the nerd out of high school, and then he became the wing tip businessman lawyer, and so he compensated for growing up in such a tough, hardscrabble, macho environment by talking rough language. Every moment in the take place, get him, the s. O. B. , the bastards, and that was the way for him to dominate a room. It was a way to show that he was tough, and that matters to him a lot, because i believe he was not seen as being tough when he was young and grew up. There is theres a good book hat recently came out, a historian named swift, pat nixon and Richard Nixon, and really, their love story. I recommend you read that its a father and a husband, and see, yes, but the one good thing, if youre feeling seniority for nixon, he knew politics was a blood sport. I mean, his goodbye 40 years ago was from Theodore Roosevelt speech, its better to be in the arena than being marred by the dust and the blood and the sweat, to be one of those timid creatures that dont engage that sit on the sidelines. Nixon took his resignation to be a hardball politician like himself. And he came back and tried to rehabilitate himself and did partially by writing books on foreign affairs, doing things like the froth nixon interviews, and to the point where when bill clinton is president , hes consulting nixon on the soviet union, or then russia what to do with some of the satellite countries, places like the ukraine and a lot. So nixon was seen as a Foreign Policy sage in his later years. When he died, all the former president s came out to california to be at his time, or his burial. Host september 7, 1972, 10 32 a. M. , following the shooting of controversial president ial candidate george wallace, prominent politicians, whether they were candidates for the presidency or not, were offered temporary secret service protection. This is bob haldeman, jon erlichman, and Richard Nixon. Youve got one u. S. Senator, kennedy, a secondary factor in the campaign. You give him secret Service Coverage throughout the ampaign, at the same time, haldeman, if he gets shot, its our fault. Nixon, you understand what the problem is . If he gets shot, theyll say we didnt fun initial it, so you just buy his insurance. Then after the election, he doesnt get a g. D. Thing. If he gets shot, too damn bad. Guest theres the tough language of nixon. Its eyeopening, right . He cant stand ted kennedy, and he trails ted kennedy around, but in this case, with the secret service, he says it goes on, and hell say, i wont get a secret service, but i want him to be a spy for me, he even named secret service guys not to use. Well, well put somebody so well get dirt on what kennedy is doing around the country. And then that whole line, once the election is over, lets pull the secret service in, who cares if he gets killed. Thats the kind of quote, parts of the tape that just it just damages nixons reputation terribly, because, you know, a ken dead kennedy is not talking about in that kind of fashion after we experienced j. F. K. And bobbys death, for him to be that crude, it doesnt look well. No mom and saying want you to have that attitude when you grow up. Thats the kind of taul that Ronald Reagan would never, for example, have taken part in, or franklin roosevelt. Host last call for Doug Brinkley comes from cheryl in virginia. Hi, cheryl. Caller yes, hi. Thanks a lot. Thank you, dr. Brinkley. I was really glad to see you on today, because i have been tching on cspan the old hearings, you know, in congress about the impeachment and the attempt to impeach the president. How, theent nixon. I was strucky demeanor during the hearings. Moreally there was so much o treat eachm t other with a manner of more respect than they do now. The snideness that i see now and the comments and the behavior toward each other in Congress Seems to be such a change in demeanor, or perhaps it was just the times. Certain. Considering how contentious this was, i was amazed. Ive forgotten how well members could treat each other and respect each other during those hearings. Thank you very much. You are absolutely right. In the American History books, and lot of bipartisanship, that is all of the legislation of the Great Society and all of nixons legislative accomplishments. Dealing,ing, wheeling, drinks on the town. It was less of a cutthroat culture. He watched the watergate hearings and you are absolutely right. You watch everybody behaved quite well and you look at people like howard baker, a republican being very tough on nixon. They are not taking a purely partisan view. These senators, when you watch watergate hearings, are concerned about objection of trust as is rightly be should be justice as rightly they should be. A circus,d be more of more shrill, more partisan. Goldwater turns on nixon. He says this is not what we are about, i am not backing my career and my reputation my reputation on this kind of my integrity on this kind of behavior. Everybody sidles up to their party to such a degree that it is discussed in the American People and nothing gets done. Host who is the third gentleman sitting on the opposite sofa . Guest i would have to look at that. Looked and picked that picture because it is the king of jordan and henry kissinger. We would do that brightly yellow because one of the problems is that nixon did not do a lot of colorful photos. Always very up tight, in the suit. But there with the king of jordan from the middle east, in muchom kippur war, he very backs israelite becomes a full bureau. Israel and becomes a full olk hero. It was kissingers shovel diplomacy in the middle east that really paint the way to the camp david accord. A lot of things that were accomplished with ford and beginnings ineir the nixon years. The nixon tapes, Doug Brinkley and luke nichter retired marine lieutenant colonel, a Senior Analyst with the Rand Corporation will discuss the latest developments and the u. S. Air campaign in iraq. In Georgetown Professor on trends in the job market. Stephen, a reporter with the associated press, he talked about processing and tracking disability payments. Plus, your calls and comments and tweets. Washington journal, live every morning at 7 00 eastern. Break,e congress is on cspan primetime features topics and views. A debate on americas greatness. Veterans health care. We visited the Atlantic Press club for the future of news and we take a history tour looking at the civil war. Cspan primetime monday through friday. Let us know what you think about the programs you are watching. Join the cspan conversation like us on facebook and follow us on twitter. This week while congress is recess, watch American History primetime. American history tv will host a variety of topics on the early american public, jewish history, world war ii, and sports history. Let us know what you think about the programs you are watching. Join the cspan conversation, like us on facebook, follow us on twitter. From the final day of the u. S. Africa summit, a discussion about improving education for women and girls. This is over half an hour. [applause] hello, everyone. The time we are children that education is the key to a Better Future for us and for each successive generation. Id certainly heard about in my family when i was the first person to graduate from college. Mrs. Obama spoke about it. A similar experience for her. Here in the United States, we referred to it as the American Dream. World,ravels around the i discover it is not just an American Dream at all but a universal dream. Millions of parents want their children, girls and boys, to learn more, do better, achieve greater things than they did. Josephs girls school at sierra loan. Sierra leone the girls trying so hard and against incredible odds to get an education in northern nigeria. These girls and their parents know intuitively. Is one of theon smartest investments that the International Community can make. Education increases a girls individual earning power which the majority she invest back into her family. Girls who stay in School Longer are six times less likely to be married with children. Duringttendance adolescence is correlated with the later childbearing, lower rates of hiv, and fewer hours of domestic and labor market work, and greater gender equality. In addition, a child born to a mother who cant read is 50 more likely who cant read is 56 50 can read is more likely to stay in school themselves. It is better for girls and families and the community. It is absolutely critical to expanding womens participation and workforce and the key to the universal dream of empowering the next generation to be better than the last. I am so pleased to be here today with our distinguished panelists to talk about what we can do to ensure that the girls and africa get the education they deserve and that they need. Let me briefly introduce our wonderful panelists. We are not in order here. Dr. Sarah, the regional director for east africa which is a citizen driven initiative operating in kenya and uganda and tanzania. To draw public attention to childrens learning. The doctor will speak about completion of primary education and getting parents involved and supporting education. Ha is aorable ies m foring member of the foru African Women education. Working throughout africa to ensure education is tailored to address specific needs of girls. She will share some of her thoughts on the importance of girl completing secondary education. President of an organization to a dress poverty in africa through girls education. She will speak about empowering the next generation of women. Finally, Shelley Eskew is Vice President of Corporate Affairs of the intel corporation. The Intel Foundation is working to give girls and women more opportunities to stay in the Global Economy and she will speak about the importance of empowering girls through technology. Let me begin with my first question. I understand that you use an innovative approach to increase literacy among girls which is a challenge in many places. What barriers do you see that keep girls from pursuing and attaining primary education . What interventions do you think is most successful . Lookingnk when you are at the barriers and progress we have made. We reach about one million children since we started in 2009. 90 of the children have five years of schooling. 10 who isis a missing. They are often found in hotspots and rural and remote districts. It is not country specific. If you go to kenya and uganda, they are neighboring. Has been talked about for so many people. Attitude, religion, practices. To be listening to the evidence a little more. They have been there for about five years. When you look at the numbers and , the of gender parity and theybility are not any better or any worse. [indiscernible] school inefficiency is affecting our children. School years is mostly seven years but some are taking seven years. 11 years. The success, let me talk about three of them. Which all of us know, when a mother has primary education, you see that her daughters and children generally have Higher Learning outcomes. The evidence is there. More so for the mothers. The second piece of evidence which we needed to be looking at is leadership. Where a school has a good, dynamic leader, over maybe 500 or 1000 children. Introduce girls too many activities, weather and sports whether in sports, they gain confidence. They are building on resilience. [indiscernible] and then the girls herself. All of us have roles. Can you talk about the role of the family and what you can do to present families . Especially when they are facing situations of limited resources, how do you deal with that problem and convinced them if they have a couple of children or choose between sending a boy or girl to school . How do you encourage them to send the girl and make the decision that it is worth the investment . When you see that 90 of the children and it is near gender parity, it looks like half of the battle is done. Many parents believe in sending their girls to school. The biggest thing that could lead that could destroy disbelief is if our girls have nothing to show for the years they spent in school. Us who see evidence of the success of school, it has spread to the others. If we do that, i remember when i went to a village onetime, the daughters the mothers told us it was very important. You know, it is important to send girls to school. Evidence of success. Show that to educate your children. Your girls and your boys. You are the evidence. Understandring i you are working and 32 different african countries to foster attitudes towards girls education. Has workedzation with governments, community, Civil Society to make education a priority. Could you talk about what you see that works best . What more can be done . Specific examples of genderbased violence, Vocational Training and give us based on your experience what your views are. Youet me start by giving some statistics. Million kids out of school. 54 are girls. 22 million are out of school. Therefore we have to do something. With cannot sit and wait. We have to work together. To give to these people the right of education. Working for gender equity and equality for all children. Innovation. E reach the girls you want. [indiscernible] you touched about it. You have to go to both male and they have to make the decision. Are we going to take the girl or the boy to school . You have to tell them and explain to them the benefits of educating girls. Today, we have seen it. What we have found out is men are supporting girls education. [indiscernible] ones who are tracking the girls going to school. School attendance is looked out after the womens clubs. We have another innovation. It is empowering girls and boys. To stick out. In the school, the girls and the boys get together and identify their problems, analyze them, and together find solutions for them. What we have found out through activities, we have found out that now girls are empowered to speak out. They have selfconfidence. They have the skills. They have leadership skills. And they are fighting against cultural beliefs. They know they have the rights so they claim the rights. We have another innovation. I think the first lady from ghana just talked about it. Bright, it makes a difference. [indiscernible] you see, you cannot just discriminate against boys either. They have to work together. Foundation, we are scholars ine 1200 rwanda and in ethiopia, 800. You educate a girl [indiscernible] [laughter] we also have what we call the center of excellence. School, we transformed it into a gender equal school. They know how to treat boys and girls equally. Math and science is much better. It is amazing how the school has an environment which is conducive to learning and no gender violence at all which is important. Have adolescent girls in countries where [indiscernible] give them the skills and bepetencies and that would such as mechanics, electricity, carpentry. They did very well. They go finish, we lobby the companies to hire devil when they finish. When they finish. A girl can do even better than a boy i would say. I am saying that because africa 2011, the population was one billion. 20 [indiscernible] 2050, 50 of the population will be youth. Fits has to invest in its youth. If it wants to be a dynamic economic. [indiscernible] amazing. My father was one who said all of my girls have to go to school. Girlsre, lets work for education. [applause] thank you very much. Ann, i would like to ask you a little bit about the approach which i understand you call the Virtuous Cycle and i will like you to explain for a moment if you could. They have educated girls and help to tackle poverty working through systems, parents, teachers, and government officials. Understand how drove words with the girls through development and education and beyond that and if you could give us some idea and explain. Of course. Areas and thatl is where poverty is deepest. And tos are in positions make decisions based on realities. Understand and respect that decisionmaking. The process is one of partnership with parents, inclusion of parents. Of transition from primary to secondary school is where so many girls dropped out because of the cost of education. Our partnership with parents means that they do not have the means, but they have an abundance of love. Support theys that get at home, that encouragement, we are seeing 80 of candidates 108,000five countries, girls in higher education. Parents are not withholding their girls from going to school. Mentor and network. Girls are going to school with problems. We have a network of trained professionals against five government schools. That is having a significant impact. Now, you mentioned traditional leaders. The