Host here is the cover of the book. This is book to be on cspan to. We want to hear from you, post your your feedback on your facebook wall, facebook. Com book tv. [inaudible] [inaudible] [inaudible] [inaudible] [inaudible] good afternoon and welcome to the new school. I am robert, i am the dean. Im sorry should not be touching this. I am feisty and at the new school for research. I am delighted to welcome back to the university, to dear friends and distinguished colleagues. Both former members of the politics department. Courtney young and moeller who left us about a decade ago for greener or perhaps milk your pastures to canada and new mexico respectively. I am pleased to introduce Courtney Young his new book, collectivism and how feminist the fundamental list of physicians and politician make big business and bad policy. Were here to celebrate, the book was published last month in november by basic books. Courtney is a professor of Political Science at the university of toronto. She holds a phd and has published two previous books. The moral force of indigenous politics as well as a number of journal articles. She has been a member of the institute from princeton has received fellowships the from the national dominant of the humanities, fulbright, the Andrew W Mellon foundation, and the social sciences and humanities council. Courtney will give an overview of her book and then marla will go on with her remark. She will also moderate the discussion. She is a at the university of mexico. She is the author of two books, sex and the state, abortion, divorce, and the family under latin american dictatorships. And inclusion without representation. In 2015, she was named the Andrew Carnegie fellow, she she holds a phd in Political Science from harvard, and an ap from International Relations from stanford. Before we begin i want to quote one endorsement of the book from courtney a new colleague and professor of philosophy and politics. This riveting book charge the constellation of unlikely bedfellows that have together made obligatory to feed babies breast milk, weaving it tale of corporate maturing and research, mongering, victim blaming, as well as punitive policies that deny to feed our children, Courtney Young explains the social importance behind a americas love affair with breast pump it is eyeopening and thoughtprovoking, lack division is in mustread. Also obviously my experience is quite limited born to a working mother and coming to polling, i was was breastfed for a fleeting six months. An experience of deprivation, symptomatic of the times in the place i was born inches. My son on the other hand, also born to a working mother but in the liberal United States, was breastfed for extravagant but certainly very long three years, eight months, and 14 days. In both cases Maternity Leave was the same, three months. So my family and a sense is the victim of the lack to visit him controversy. So eloquently discussed in the book. Without further a do professor Courtney Young. Thank you very much robert. I cannot tell tell you how happy i am to be here. To be home at the new school. Im going to fix the problem that robert created here. Thank you very much, im happy to be here. With a topic like this, there are many, a topic like this is right for many interesting and amusing introductory antidotes. Contemplating those i decided to dispense with the amusing introductory anecdotes which i will must really would have been at my expense. I will cut right to the chase. A lot of people have expressed surprise that i am writing about breastfeeding. As if this would be a health issue or a gender studies issue and not a Political Science issue. For me, what was very interesting about breastfeeding was the morals around breastfeeding and the surprising consensus is a writing breastfeeding. Political science know that consensus is not easy to find. Almost anywhere, consensus is everything. When you have consensus that seems like a reasonable thing to study. How do you get consensus . Where does it come from . What worked what work does it do in our life . I think of this project is basically critical theory, critical social theory, investigating how we come to hold the beliefs that we have and what works those beliefs are doing in our lives. How they shape our attitudes and how they affect our public policies. So one place we can start with a project like this is to look at the Science Behind breastfeeding. One way of thinking about this is is it driven by science . Is it to them by Scientific Evidence . The answer to that question is basically no, or or not really. All of the research on breastfeeding is observational. That means it is not randomized, people do not conduct randomized controlled trials into breastfeeding and not breastfeeding Health Outcomes. The problem with Observational Research is that it has to control for variables, other other things that might account for differences between dress breastfed and on breastfed babies. Over over research on breastfeeding failed to control other factors. Most of of it failed to control circuit found impactors. There is Newer Research now which is better in many ways, it better defines breastfeeding, it better controls for confounding factors. That evidence shows that breastfeeding has a modest impact on the risk of infection. During the time the baby is actually breastfeeding, it has a small impact on the risk of infection. There is good evidence that breastfeeding has no impact on obesity, type type one diabetes, asthma, allergies, most cancers. All of the rest of the literature on the other longterm Health Outcomes facing or attributed to, with reduced risk wouldve been attributed to breastfeeding, is literature, the researches basically weakening conclusive. This includes type ii diabetes, celiac disease, crohns disease, crohns disease, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, et cetera. The list of things associated with breastfeeding is extremely long. Almost everything on that risk, some of it has already been descriptive than the rest of us we really dont know. The literature is weakening. So the answer to the first question is no, it is not being driven by Scientific Evidence. So that takes us back to what it is being driven by. Political scientists becomes a very interesting thing to study, if its not driven by science, then, then what is it driven by . One of the first part, im going to answer that question in three, pieces to the puzzle. The first piece of the puzzle is what is breastfeeding me to people in the United States today . That story starts with lane leche league. In 1956, two women, mary white and Mary Thompson were sitting together on the grass at a chrisman Christian Family movement picnic breastfeeding their babies. Theyre lamenting the fact that not many other people were breastfeeding their babies and that mothers did not have enough support if they chose to breastfeed. So i got together with five other friends and they started low leche league so a piece of their project was a breastfeeding. But already, right at the very inception and beginning, breastfeeding was the start of a larger set of philosophies which included mother staying at home nurturing the children, the place the mother was in the family, mother should not work once i have children, and the role of the father as a breadwinner. It was a very, conservative conception of children and family. And it was a focus on breastfeeding. Already have the right at the beginning of the latest ways of breastfeeding as a symbol for a larger set of philosophies. The next important moment in the history of breastfeeding advocacy is the boycott in the 1970s. In the 1970s, other Formula Companies including nestle looked out at the developing world and saw nothing but a vast untapped market potential for formula feeders. So they had a very aggressive marketing practices in order to get women in poor countries to buy and use formula. The most famous of those marketing practices was the nestle nurses. They dress their employees up as nurses and set them into hospitals and clinics and got them to sell and convince mothers to use formula under the guise that formula was what was medically recommended. So that is one pitcher, these are obviously nestle nurses in south africa. You can tell from the sun behind them. This was a whole team of nestle employees, nestle nurses and malaysia. That was in 1976 or Something Like that. So what happened was nestles selling formula, aggressively marketing formula poor countries. Mothers in those poor countries cannot afford formula so they are over diluting the formula. Theyre mixing it with too much water because they are trying to make a canna formula last longer. So babies are becoming malnourished because the formula is over diluted. They are essentially drinking colored water, water that is milky colored. The second problem is theyre using they are diluting the formula with dirty water, on sterilized water. As a result of these things you have a spike in infant mortality and infant malnutrition. Also diarrheal diseases. So the response to this, the solution is to reestablish breastfeeding as the norm for infant feeding and developing countries. So this becomes an at that point you have the nestle boycott. The nestle boycott was something that happened in the United States, canada, and over europe. It is very widespread, very popular, everyone is a boycotting nestle products. In fact the the nestle boycott is the longest and most widespread company boycott ever. People boycotting nestle even today because of their aggressive marketing practices. People boycott nestle more often than they boycott philip morris, if you can believe that. So that is the history. It establishes breastfeeding as a challenge against big business, in solidarity with the global poor, and solidarity with the world struggle against hunger, and as i set a challenge against corporate greed and corporate interests. Once again, breastfeeding gets appropriated as a symbol of something bigger. A symbol of who we are, what we believe in, and the type of person i am. Im the type of person on the left to challenges corporate greed, et cetera. In the 1980s, feminism picks up breakfast meeting. Breastfeeding becomes a symbol of female empowerment on a symbol of the lifesustaining force of the female body. In the 1990s, breastfeeding become symbolic and important for people, families who believe in the philosophy of attachment parenting. Attachment parents are parents who, their three pillars of attachment parenting, the first is baby wearing which means caring your baby in a sling rather than dismissively using a stroller to get your baby around town. The second is cosleeping which is sleeping in the same bed as your child, and the third is a breastfeeding. Attachment parenting once again is a larger philosophy. Breastfeeding is a hallmark of that philosophy but it is a larger statement about what your family is like, what your family commitments are like, what your what your life as a parent and who you are in general. Maybe more surprisingly or more sub pricing late to me, breastfeeding has been embraced by the christian right. So for many of the christian right, breastfeeding turns out to be proof of intelligent design. It also offers evidence of the rightness of heterosexual marriage with different roles for men and women in the marriage. It is also been picked up as an issue for environmentalists and for people who believe in locally produced Sustainable Food because what could be more locally produced than breastmilk. So for these groups of people, many of whom are actually fundamentally opposed to one another would not see eye to eye on practically any other issue across the social and political spectrum, yet they all believe in breastfeeding. The point that i am showing is they all believe in breastfeeding for fundamentally different reasons. They have appropriated the symbol of breastfeeding but for many different reasons. This is the powerpoint i was supposed to show with the attachment parenting, many of you will remember this Time Magazine cover of this attachment parent breastfeeding her son who is three or four years old, and maybe not incidentally wearing camouflage pants. I thought that was the most, sword of disquieting part of the whole part pitcher, the camouflage pants. I did actually. She looks old and big. Anyway, that is the first part of the puzzle. That is the first part of the picture which is the ways in which breastfeeding has taken on symbolic meeting and how much value and symbolic value it has for so many people. Breastfeeding is in all things to all people but it is a surprising number of things to a surprising number of people. The second part of the puzzle, the second piece of the puzzle actually has to do not surprisingly with business, there is a business angle to this which is surprising to those of us who still associate the business of infant feeding with the business of the big Formula Companies. So the idea here is that breastfeeding is free, that was long the challenge of breastfeeding, yet it is far from free in 21st century america. The first reason is far from free is that if you ever plan to leave the house, youre going to have to buy some clothes and some bras and you might need some Nutritional Supplements to make sure that you have a good milk supply. Then you need creams and all kinds of other things. It is not necessary to buy any things but most people who breastfeed in the United States today will buy many of these things. The second component of the business of breastfeeding is lactation consultant. Most women who breastfeed will see a lactation consultant at some point in the breastfeeding career. That will run you anywhere from 200 to 500 per hour. There is an entire industry of lactation consultant. Were making a living off of breastfeeding. And the other component of the process of breastfeeding is the breast pump industry. Theyre filling up the freezers of american women. I once anymore. Building up in the refrigerator and freezers of american women. So what happens here is a combination of the internet and the pump has revolutionized nursing. Where is what is nursing used to be a service, women would take her baby to nurse your baby, now it is a product that are sold online routinely. This is a good image, i i need to step back your mentor. Unless you think the nestle nurses are thing of the past, this is a strong the Upper East Side of manhattan called yummy mummy. The owner of the sores in the middle with a long blonde long blonde hair, the people surrounding her are not nurses, the ones dressed in White Lab Coats are employees. They they are dressed in White Lab Coats as a way to sell all of the things that they sell in their breastfeeding store like pillows, Nutritional Supplements and pumps. So, the phenomenon of addressing people up as nurses in order to convince people that the way we are recommending the way you we feed your baby is medically sanctioned, this is not actually a debt phenomena. It it is alive and well right here in manhattan. So, as a result of all of this pumping and as a result of the surplus of human milk, what we have in the United States is a thriving human market, human milk market. A Thriving Market in human milk. So the most common website where people buy and sell milk is called only the breast. These are ads i took from only the breast just yesterday. All of this breastmilk is Still Available probably if you want some of it. People buy and sell breastmilk any day of the week. You you can see between 1216000 posts at only the breast for people who are wanting to buy or sell breastmilk. It is not only mothers looking to feed their babies who are buying human milk or breastmilk online, athletes are buying breastmilk and consuming it in large numbers, its a common phenomenon because theyre looking to boost their performance and a lot of people are interested in eating breastmilk or drinking breastmilk because theyre thinking of it as the new superfood. Its better than wheatgrass. So theyre looking to boost their immunity or whatever theyre looking to do. So theres a big market in human milk. So these other people who sell their breastmilk are not necessarily selling online to other mothers and other individuals, a lot lot of people sell their breastmilk to companies. There is a company in california called prolacto bioscience that buys a breastmilk for 1 dollar per ounce. They turn it into, they use it as a raw raw material in the production of Nutritional Supplements. They buy the breastmilk by a dollar per ounce in the base of the Nutritional Supplement and then they sell those Nutritional Supplements for 180 per ounce. The private company so they do not disclose what their profits are every year. They have disclosed that they have received 46 million in Venture Capital in the last apple of years. This is a growing industry. Proactive is the Oldest Company in this market but it is not the only one. There six or seven other companies that are competing with them to produce things like Nutritional Supplements, different has a Nutritional Supplements. The base, the raw material of all of them is the human milk. So one of the things that is interesting about this, Companies Like missoula wh