And unless you point lead over night with champagne this is the recipe. I found hard to see anything at all written about her but and when she died the newspapers referred to her as a popular icon. But i did find a lot of unpublished papers. I would like to know where she had to say. Everybody else likes her and they say she is smart and wonderful but every so often after douglass died and she was considered the great beauty she did say she didnt want to marry or settle. She did eventually remarry a Union Officer in had six children. How did you find all these letters . Modern technology is a wonderful thing. So the founding mothers cannot 2004 i started to work got that. And then you really did have to go places. But then from mrs. Google does that for you. [laughter] been years and get in touch with those societies to see if they have women that are not listed then they become far far more accommodating. So then they can scan the papers for a fee but now what you get it at that point is the 19th century handwritten letter written horizontal a i could not decipher a lot of those. Because of the children to be taught script they cannot read. Well letters will they read is also another problem [laughter] but that is about your printer where grandparents coming in to write memoirs to their grandchildren that is wonderful like oral history. It is no way because a wave of written materials if someone is subpoenaed you could get the instagram out of the cloud. [laughter] i have to ask one more question. Given the 2016 president ial race with the dynamics we are aware of is there a woman in your book that transplanted to be president ial material . Yes. Absolutely. That if they were is the of white blood ashley right situation that very few women have so bride day experience but i find the obituaries fascinating but the only person i couldnt find was elisabeth but i think given the ability to have political help we could have done that easily. And having to do with so many constraints. Not to mention dave hood and his children all the time. And of course, to read the of war everybody was missing children but they both lost sons that were two years old at the time and they also died in the white house falling off the top of the of building. But one october lost a three yearold aunt a ted yearold with the disease came through so just living through the day was incredibly difficult and still as interested with politics and policy i find that so incredibly admirable. They couldnt own property there were the property of their husbands and is still the dermis dedication to the country to making that all come out right. There is time for one more question. I was just wondering hearing about the remarkable benin that accomplished so much with discrimination and lack of opportunity, what you see now will as the continuing odds that women face . There still is discrimination it is very difficult to in some fields added is true the biggest problem is the workplace needs to be far more caretaker friendly. You cannot have the best and the brightest in the vast majority of graduates that are not able to be as productive and able to do their best work as possible and still we a competitive society. So what that is a challenge that leads to the mets ahead dont get upset but they are a bunch of sissies compared to what the women went through it is remarkable when somebody says i cannot do it all i fink talked your greatgrandmother because they did do what all and they did not complain, a little bit. [laughter] i hope he will all pick it up and i just want to thank you as i said earlier to rich our understanding. And a rough there is another book and if you wouldnt mind to full up your chairs. [applause] [inaudible conversations] all over the Colorado Plateau especially here outside of Grand Junction rearmament surrounded by rock refined dinosaur bones and fossils than that has intrigued us but the other thing is a mineral that contains three different elements. It contains radium that is radioactive to help solve cancer. It is also used to strengthen steel. During the of buildup toward real will work to do was of extreme value and your radium as alito is one of the best sources for atomic weapons. He fought the battle to preserve water for western colorado to make sure we got our fair share. How did he do that . Going on with his state career he climbed up the ladder is able to exercise more power than you might normally have answers to the in the United States congress where he could make sure called the battle would be treated fairly with division of water. The passage of the storage project. Lincolns cottage in washington d. C. Is an hour. Well. Tonight we are delighted to post a story in don doyle and Sidney Blumenthal to discuss International Relations and dr. To his latest book the cause of all nations an International History of the American Civil War. Don doyle is no cause on professor of history at the university of South Carolina and director of the rain of the association for research on ethnicity and nationalism in the americas. Before coming to South Carolina he taught at Vanderbilt University and the university of michigan dearborn. At usc doyle teaches a variety of undergraduate and graduate courses in u. S. History including the Introductory Survey course and nationalism in comparative perspective. Fluent in four languages with some of you can attest to tonight in the q a toilets been a visiting professor at the university of rome italy the university of genoa italy and the university of leeds england and the, not even going to try that one. Rio de janeiro brazil. The Catholic University, and another Catholic University being your neighbor giving him a unique aspect of that help shape the cause of all nations. Sidney blumenthal is former assistant and Senior Adviser to president bill clinton Senior Adviser to Hillary Penton and adviser to the Clinton Foundation foundation. Author big bucks his next project is a trilogy entitled the political life of Abraham Lincoln slated for release in 2016, 17 and 18. Its also been a writer and editor of the publications at the Washington Post new or public vanity fair and the new yorker specializing in Foreign Affairs and national politics. Besides his literary career he also is executive producer for the Academy Awardwinning documentary taxi to the dark side which won him any worse as well. Lastly hes a senior fellow its the single best International Book on the civil war. On april 9, on this day Abraham Lincoln was coming back from his tour from richmond after he had visited the troops at sydney point. They had a french visitor who was, i learned a relative and attending him, he asked the military band to play a song, the anthem of the French Republic which had been banned under the second empire of napoleon the third. Lincoln remarked papa pompously that it was odd he had to come to the america and he said i rather like that tune, played it again and they did. Id also like to play the tune dixie for our guests who had never heard it. This now as federal property. We we fought hard for this. It now belongs to us but i want everyone to know that in our country, unlike france, he didnt he didnt say but that is what he meant, the southerners are going to be free to hear that song. Play it and they did. And then came back to washington. Of course this was the day also that robert e lee surrendered the troops. It was not the end of the war but it was the beginning of the end and of course Jefferson Davis would not be apprehended until another month on may 10, i believe and of course the assassination on april 14 was intended to reignite the war. This was a momentous day and one full of expectation for the end of the war. Id like to set the stage a little bit. Before i have done doyle talk about his book, i want to read you a few things from my forthcoming work too, as a kind of of prologue, id like to discuss the origins of Abraham Lincolns internationalism. Why did lincoln think this was so important . Where did this all come from . Id like to take you back to a moment in 1852. Lincoln has been congressman. He served one term. He is he is living in springfield, illinois. At the end of of this year, the leader of the failed hungarian revolution, lewis can sooth in the springtime of nations, the great great revolt of 1848, comes to new york and a crowd of 100,000 people, one quarter, one quarter of the population of new york greets him ecstatically. He marches down broadway on the greatest force of the mexican black warrior. There is a huge parade. Let me just read you a little bit about lincoln and then i will turn to don and we are going to leap forward to the civil war. I want to get a sense of why lincoln cared so much about what the world thought. The hungarian leader brought along and entourage and he mentioned his electric presence would raise a Million Dollars that would be handsomely redeemed in bonds. He mistook the the scale of his tumultuous greeting to be about his own glorious cause. He would flounder admits its mysterious realities. And then what happens is, after he is involved with several parties in washington and tries to go to the south to raise money and is spurned tries to make his way to the capitals of the provincial states of the country. He never never makes it to springfield. But there is a meeting in springfield about him. The towns mayor whose name was ironically john calhoun who was democrat and had been lincolns supervisor when he learned how to be a surveyor becomes the president of the meeting. The person who is put in charge of running the meeting is Abraham Lincoln. Ill just read you one of the springfield resolution. Little noticed at the time it says that the sympathies of this country and the benefits should be exerted in favor of the people of every nation who are going to be free. This was organically connected to his objectives. He he would never travel abroad but he felt the rise and fall of the revolutions of 1848. He saw them as democratic movements. They were suppressed by a consolation of the monarchial powers. He was eager and disappointed at their failure he did not link the european and anti struggle slavery struggle. Two years later, in his speech at peoria, on october 16, he did not hesitate to speak what had shortly before been politically unspeakable. On slavery he said, i hate i hate it. It deprives our republican example of its influence in the world. It enables others to taunt us as hypocrites. He would ask repeat his exact phrase in his debate and during the decade he would a friend many exile revolutionaries from germany lincoln understood the civil war as an International Event of the greatest magnitude. The cause of the United States, a little republic, it was this idea that led him, in 1862 to call the United States the last best hope of earth. Now are entering the cause of all nations, prof. Doyles book, and one of the great figures of the european revolution plays a central role in our civil war. That figure appears at the beginning of the war and he appears at a key turning point in the war. I wondered if you could explain to us how important garibaldi is to americans. This is. This is what got me interested in the story. I was a professor in italy and at that time, in the mid 90s italy was divided, the north was talking about the section and another was calling for a separate government. I learned about the story of garibaldi and it seems to me a bizarre curiosity and it had been dealt with before by historians who have kind of ignored and forgotten or were treated as just a curiosity but i wanted to learn more. That opened up the whole story that i followed that produce this book. I use the first chapter as garibaldis question. Question. At this time, everyone knew who garibaldi was. They knew what he stood for, why he was famous. He was the hero of two worlds in south america and north america as well as in europe. He was the first global hero and by that i mean he existed in prince and in images. Everybody knew knew what he looked like. Women adored garibaldi. They adopted the the garibaldi fashion with large red blouses and sometimes military jackets. For americans, garibaldi was an important figure and they wanted him on both the federate and union side, there were regiments named after garibaldi. There was news that he was going to join the union. It was a rumor that echoed across the america all through the summer of 1861 and i later found out that the rumor began back at this Little Island as his lieutenant advisors were assaulting the press with these stories. He might come in raise his sward for america. This happened immediately after the battle of bull run. With lincolns approval, the secretary of state invited this soldier of freedom to come and fight for the unity and liberty of america. He sent one of his most trusted diplomats to belgium and unofficially the head of secret service in the union diplomatic corps to this tiny island out in the middle of the mediterranean to ask garibaldi if he would serve in the union army. He had two conditions. One is he wanted complete command of all union forces. [laughter] a pilot must be in control of his ship. Second he wanted to know was this war about the ami emancipation of the negroes or not . If its not about slavery or universal emancipation, then it then it will be just another civil world war in the world will have no interest. The union would have a good answer for that in november of 61. It created, it underscored the need for a moral purpose and its the beginning, at least of this reconsideration on the union side of what it was they were fighting for. At the end of the book. Im going to leave the head, you tell a wonderful story about garibaldi. At the moment when it appears that the european powers may recognize the confederacy, now we know that is the key thing the confederacy is fighting for. If they get recognition from the european powers, then they can exist as a separate nation and those powers would break the Union Blockade and it would be the end of the United States as we knew it. Thats what everybody was playing for and all the battlefield here. Garibaldi, youve done a fantastic work of scholarship in weaving together what happened at this very moment involving garibaldi. The usual story that we have is that the major powers of europe, britain and france were conspiring to intervene in the u. S. War. By intervention this meant that they would offer mediation if the north refused and the south accepted that would give them reason to recognize the south. Recognition isnt just a formality, it meant that they existed under international law. It meant the condition for the blockade would have to meet a much higher standard and it probably meant war or the threat of war between the United States and britain and france. It it would have been old world war. The usual story is that lincoln opposes the mans a patient proclamation in the news arrives in europe just in time to diffuse this plot of the great powers of europe to intervene. Thats not it. In fact the exchanges between he and his foreign minister indicate, especially for russell, the idea that the United States was about to enact emancipation and to an egg napped a race warfare in america. They encourage them on this plan to intervention. What foiled their plan was a littleknown incident, but it was garibaldi leading his band of troops in southern italy on a march to rome. Rome or or death was the slogan. At the end of september, at the end of august, garibaldi standing on a hill was wounded by italian soldiers whom he was hoping would come over and join him in this march to liberate rome from the pope and make it the control of united italy. He went to prison. Many. Many thought he would be executed as a rebel against the state and all of europe was in an uproar over the fate of garibaldi. Huge rights rights took place in hyde park london on that sunday surrounding this issue. There were demonstrations in favor of garibaldi but this wasnt just garibaldi, but the whole cause of liberty and republicanism. To cause a crisis in the french government and napoleon fired his foreign secretary. It meant the french in the reddish could no longer collaborate during this period. It created turmoil. In the meantime, garibaldi sends a letter to the english nation that calls on britain to stand by her daughter america who is now fighting for emancipation and against the traders in human flesh and it just puts this whole war into a completely different perspective. Whats interesting is that garibaldis letter to the english nation was written on september 28 before 28th before he knew anything about the make emancipation proclamation. Its as though he knows before Lincoln Dawes that this war, whatever theyve said, is going to be about slavery and emancipation and so it became. Garibaldi is not the only proamerican in in europe and in britain who is supporting the United States and who is instrumental in this struggle. One of the others is somebody whos picture many people dont know but we just looked at this picture, its its the picture of lincoln presenting the emancipation proclamation to his cabinet. In the corner of that picture you can see a portrait. It is the portrait of an english liberal, john bright, who lincoln revered. Lincoln had two portraits in his study in the white house. One was of Andrew Jackson because of his proclamation on notification which guided lincoln in his thinking on succession and the other was john bright. To to him this