[applause] it is exciting to be back at the History Museum with my good friend, mentor, colleague eric schmidt and my friend eric. Last time we were here we were talking about lehman and today we are talking about the age of the digital world. Its like you still work at google. [laughter] its a treat for me. I own my career to eric who hired me in the Silicon Valley and many people would end. Its worked out well for you. We talked about this a lot. Everyone needs mentors and sponsors and he continues to be that for me. I met jerry did when i first came to facebook and he is friends with our head of the product chris cox. He totally gets it. He runs around the world to get other people to get it and hes been a voice that has been super important to the industry and technology. So it is exciting to be here with all of you. You are both fairly busy. Its not even that obvious that you knew each other that well so lets start in the beginning. How did you meet and what possessed you to sit down and write this . My friend wanted to visit his son in iraq. So i went along with the troops to be sort of interesting and we show up in baghdad and i think we were the first people to show up on a commercial flight and got lost with the marines on the other side. Did they know what to do with you . [laughter] so i met jerry did and because it was an interesting visit i doctor was with us and we took videos and i remember playing the videos when i got home and all i heard was his voice talking. [laughter] is that it was the best thing to say . What i hear member we get to the airport and it normally when you arrive they are eager to get out of there. In his case they put a jacket on him and they are ready for him to go and what does he do . Before he leaves the airport he sits on the security detail and give us a history and its not because he is worried about the safety and security but its because he is a scientist that wants to understand the history and what stage in its history is moved from over there. Why doesnt it protect important parts of me . [laughter] since then we traveled to somewhere between 40 to 45 countries and when we first began the journey we had stability versus instability. The basic problem here is he doesnt like to go to normal places. He wants to go to north korea. There is one place i could convince him to come to which was somalia. Or the banks or institutions. We go to south sudan we get air there and at 98 of south sudan of the revenue comes from oil and the government in khartoum has basically cut off the pipeline. The leadership is in our and what did he choose to do spend their entire time handing out their devices and asking them if we can debug maps for them. You are listening to jerry did voice and this makes you want to write a book. He said that is interesting to me. At the foreignpolicy people dont understand technology and the Technology People dont understand the technology and i dont understand the policy so you would be shocked how miserable peoples lives are like. You take the Wonderful World around us for granted. This is a hard one for me to read. You write the book and this is the internet is among the few things human beings have ddelta they dont truly understand. I know i dont understand the internet but i felt very certain that you did. To be honest if you dont understand the internet im pretty sure that no one does and that is a little concerning. But what do you mean . Im constantly surprised. I understand something wild and wacky comes up. Things are boring and i kind of understand at all and that was the month at the time people are enormously creative and a surprising. They are not you utilitarian. And the internet is the first time we can hear all of them at once and i think it is for the next ten or 20 years we are going to see more surprises, good surprises than bad surprises. And all of us here in this room my god is that worth 16 billion . [laughter] just an example. The next sentence in the book is amazing the internet is the largest experiment involving anarchy and history. You are a student and scholar and practitioner of what is civil society. Why is this anarchy . The if you think about the definition of anarchy it was claimed in the early 20th century an around the idea that even every piece of territory on earth is or will be curved up into some sort of sovereign territory, the world isnt governed in the sense that there is no leadership and if you fastforward every attempt to the world haofthe world has mado create a Global Leadership body its basically been rendered ineffective which is one of the challenges of the institution then you look at the internet with 2. 4 billion people online today and another 5 million coming online think about the trouble the states are already having in dealing with this mass migration to the online world wd than you had another 5 billion people and the prospect of one replicating the physical world in cyberspace seems very difficult and event trolling the entire thing is a far more difficult experiment and the physical territory. We could agree on basic rules of the country so now we have to deal with the globalization of copyright into censorship, issues of free speech, morality and communications. What do we do when something bad is happening at the other thing since weve been on the book tour for a while maybe there are limits to what the internet can do. Maybe there are some problems you are willing to face such a bold statement. There might be limits. We describe it as the Worlds Largest ungoverned space and you think about the state power, military, economic power, etc. They dont really work in the online world. Talk about the failure. Of the treaty basically established the International System of the sovereign states. Its based on the idea that you could have different legal jurisdictions guarded by the physical boundaries. All of that begins to break down. Whats interesting is what it does to disrupt the balance. So one of the arguments that we make in the book is that the state will have their physical power which is based on traditional instruments that we discussed before that the states may be a firepower in the online world but its very weak so if you look at estonia and sweden beats our two countries that can go way above their weight in the world but is completely connected. After learning about the foreignpolicy suite because jerry had talks about and i have concluded that it hasnt changed a long time. You have these progressives and support and he explained all this to me. I thought in technology whats impacted new is the empowerment that smart phones and the internet is providing to citizens. Another thing that is new is the data permanence so the ability to essentially the public is generally known and cannot be put back in the box. We didnt have those problems before so that drives a lot of issues in a static world like foreignpolicy. You said a very bold thing which is the internet cannot fix everything. What are those things . As technologists we are big believers in the power of what technology can do and bringing it to more people. Your book focuses on what happens when another 5 billion people come on lin online comino google and facebook is focused on that and people in the audience, but thinking about the limitations is that something Silicon Valley does. What are those limitations . It is a shock that there are some limits if we could automate all of the customers for example. That was a joke by the way. I get in trouble. Where are the boundaries . When does the internet stop and just really bad stuff happened . I think the answer is when you have a civil war like in serious or possibly what is going on in ukraine and crimea which jerry and can talk about because he is an expert creosote it is clear to me and i want to go back to the technology optimist view of this we can fix education and the internet, entertainment and access to information and entertainment, he can fix the empowerment of women, we can fix corruption and so forth, but there is a threshold. We have been having this debate. How would you fix serious . Series and ukraine offer compelling examples of a god that exists in the techno optimism. You have 150,000 people that have been killed going to refugees flooding across the border, chemical weapons on at least three different occasions that we know of and yet there is no shortage of the videos coming out. Each of the videos is more horrific than the one that came before it. The government is setting up checkpoints to look at peoples phones to see what exists on the profiles. Talk about this. Share it was just a mysterious, another place i am not going. You shouldnt go for a variety of reasons but i saw friends of mine that i havent seen in nine years to provide some context they told me a story about how they are minding their own business one afternoon and all of a sudden their eyes start to water, they get dizzy and collapsed. Somebody came in from the other room to close the window. The chemical weapons had come in and affected them and it took them a full month and a half to find out what happened because of the information blackout. So theyve gone on to tell me a story about how in damascus and some of the big cities the government set up checkpoints where they ask you for your phone and then they ask you for your login information etc. And if they dont like what they see as is the case with my friends brother they signaled to somebody on top of the building and ordered him to shoot and that is what happens by friends brother was a shock because of something they found in his phone and what you are left with is the realization that would seriously needs is a humanitarian prevention but it also needs a cyber humanitarian intervention that we expect to dissidents to be Cyber Security conscious and aware of these things but the everyday series and who now has a phone and spends all day online trying to find out whats going on, they are in the crossfire into that is the largest number of people in this tragedy that dont understand the authentication or why they should use the browser. They dont understand all these Different Things and there is a question that as technologists we are geopolitically aware and need to try to address which is how do we make sure the average citizen is a secur secure onlinf they are not physically secure. We use the example of somalia and say a mention for the purpose of discussion that the government is better now, but imagine a government at all for a while. But imagine the industry that is 11 of the gdp and is the only profitable that business and everyone has a smartphone but there is nothing else. So at that point it becomes even more important. It becomes how you know where your friends are. They are around the corner. Its a safe route. We heard the story when we were in libya of the schoolgirls that used the maps to show where the bombing was and if you get them to school safely. So, think about the importance of a smartphone. Now imagine that you are running along in somalia and your phone is taken by somebody and now theyve got your contact list, your friends, they can impersonate you and so forth that these are very waited out issues. It is interesting to your point when you think back at the atrocity committed during the war and history there was the sense that people didnt know. Had we known, we would have intervened and the strike is that we know. If i could ask you when you were at the google one of the Amazing Things she did is she has the philanthropic and the social consciousness that others didnt and spent a lot of time talking about development, the development world, basically the problems of the third world. So, it seems to me that since you started back, things have gotten better and connected with the other issues have not been fixed. That is striking and to your point of the internet cant fix everything. So lets talk about the military. This is a big honor. She is the first woman that ever became a first part star general in the military and it is an honor to have her. [applause] and for becoming a friend of mine which is exciting. Talk about this in the military. So you show up in baghdad, they give you a jacket but it wasnt sufficient. You will come back and explain to us why the jackets are made of the way they are, but how did this affect the military . My Immediate Reaction was we are still fighting the war or the old way rather than the new way. All of the interventions seemed to involve trying to deal with the citizens to read whats the best thing you can do for the citizens . And power them. What is the best thing to know that terri can do, build wifi towers and reasonably protected fiberoptic network so they can learn whats going on and empower themselves and figure out the previous dictator was lying to them and get all of the facts and then develop whatever kind of society they are going to develop along with the economy and so forth. This is the last thing the military does come and not the first thing so the simple answer would be since almost all of the fighting seems to involve civilians that can be turned against us by evil people and so forth, jerry that talks about how the internet can change the perception of people if they are in a Religious School this is the only way. Theres no doubt. So one of the things the internet can do is empower individuals with the National Strength of society to come out. Why dont we build those networks . In iraq we came to learn Saddam Hussein hadnt allow people to use cell phones at all and so after he was essentially in hiding they started to have their first cell phones. We learned in burma when we were there that the cards were about 5,000 which is a fortune for anybody in myanmar and after we were there last summer they lowered the price from 5,000 to 5 then the phone system fell over capacity. If i could try them in on the military side we interviewed a group of navy seals that had been in the process of researching this book and we asked them what are the ideal technologies that you wish you could have in combat . They said we dont need a new technology. What we need is for the security to change to keep track of where our colleagues are. One of my friends told me that when you have to jump out of a plane they hate tablets attached that lasted an hour and a half because they are not able to use the Counter Technology in combat. That is one issue. The second is we talk about the militaryindustrial complex as it pertains to cybersecurity as an aspect of the military we have a challenge in the sense that cybersecurity isnt achieved without a agility and agility is compromised by the traditional ways the procurement cycles work. Third is if you think about the traditional military assistance, helicopters, tanks, various weapons when are we going to get to the point of providing the cyber assistance to the countries being attacked by the more powerful countries that are not just their visible. What should we do about the electronics . They try to do the Cyber Attacks against western targets. Is there a military strategy or Digital Strategy . I dont know but that needs to be in the conversation. In the civil war and interior on one side or the other. By the way a third of those are coming from europe and a third of those it is a global problem. Whats interesting and whats new but ive never seen before is the russians are sending the foreign fighters into serious except they arent coming to fight the war theyre sending Software Engineers to fight on behalf of the Electronic Army and sometimes they are sending them physically and sometimes fighting from in conjunction with iran. Lets move to the military economy. One of the things that happens in the technology and is so much progress had so much efficiency is a crisis for jobs all over the world particularly for the youth. You care to soak deeply not just about to google as a company that the impact on the world and youve done an amazing job there. And i think that all of us all want to have that. I know youve traveled in the developed world as well. How do you think about the Impact Technology has on jobs and particularly for the unemployed throughout europe and asia . It seems the problem is going to be the defining problem for the rest of our lives. Its interesting to talk about ukraine and syria. We lived and worked in this economic sweep and for the last decade or so theres been quite a displacement of the manufacturing jobs in the nation. It is well now documented that you need fewer people to build up a car with advances in the Artificial Intelligence many of which were done in this area the problem gets worse for the knowledge workers that have relatively repetitive jobs and they turn out to be a lot of such categories, so the corporations if you look in the United States are an example of substituting essentially the labor for capital they are investing ahead, and the people that win in this process tend to be the incumbents and the middleage and they tend to be the easily it. So if you model you have a significant problem because of the lack of jobs. Now, there are economists that the leave there will be jobs that we dont have a jobless problem, but its a transfer of middleclass hey jobs to service jobs. Think of this as the hoover driver a talented person working in the normal job and they are leadoff or something bad happens and as of now they have contingent employment in the service of job and they do the best they can. The most economic thought to say that jobs will be less predictable especially for young people and more contingent and so forth and theres a separate set of policy issues around about because in that situation you need some kind of a social safety net. We could have a debate on how to do that but you cant have people begging on the streets of america. In europe you have the problems that are effectively worse for the reasons that you can imagine a lack of jobs at competition and globalization and so forth. So, in talking this is something ive been working on for this year, theres a couple solutions and they are not good enough. And i would ask everyone here to help me think about how we are going to solve this problem because it is the problem for the next generation its our problem, too. First you have to fix education. We can be fatal to do that you have a more educated workforce because the jobs are being automated. We watch this happening. The next thing you have to do is a very similar spe