Yea, whoo hoo. [applause] garry is chairman of the human rights foundation, former world chess champion and author of the new book, deep thinking. Born in azerbaijan, mr. Kasparov became the under18 chess champion of the ussr at age 12. And the world yeah. [laughter] [applause] and the world under20 champion at age 17. He gained International Fame at the age of 32 as the youngest 22 as the youngest world chess champion in history. He defended his title five times including a Legendary Series of matches against his archrival. Mr. Kasparov was one of the first prominent soviets to call for democratic and market reforms. He was an early supporter of boris question sins bush to break up the soviet union. In 1990, he and his family escaped native violence as the ussr collapsed n. 2005 in his 20th year as the worlds toprated player, mr. Kasparov retired from professional chess to join the vanguard of the russian prodemocracy movement. In 2012 he was name chairman of the new yorkbased human rights foundation, and he was facing imminent arrest in 2013 during Vladimir Putins crackdown, and he moved from moscow to new york city. His u. S. Based Kasparov Chess Foundation nonprofit continues to promote the teaching of chess in the Education Systems around the world. Pertinent to todays discussion, mr. Kasparov is a senior visiting fellow at the Oxford Martin school with a fox on humanmachine focus on humanmachine collaboration. And i actually had to cut stuff out, hes so accomplished. Hes also a member of the executive Advisory Board of the foundation for responsible robotics. As you know, 20 years ago, in may of 1997, the world watched as mr. Garry kasparov, the greatest chess player in the world, was defeated for the first time by the ibm supercomputer, deep blue. He likes to point out that just the year before he won his match against the computer [laughter] and he says his competition symbolized mans fight against machine, yet two decades later hes come to see how humans and machines can partner to reach results that neither can attain alone. And has the subject of his new book, deep thinking. Well get into that in a minute. Please join me in giving a warm welcome to mr. Garry kasparov. [applause] all right. Before we get into the subject of your book and all of these interesting conversations around a. I. And how its just absolutely revolutionizing our world, im going to start with russia. So [laughter] given the extraordinary political moment that were many, can you just give us that were in, can you just give us some insight in what it was like to be a dissident in putinled russia and how that crackdown on democratic participation intensified. Was it gradual . Talk to us about how that happened. Its quite funny. Eight months ago i was here in San Francisco and just traveledded across the country promoting my previous book, winters coming which well talk about also. Which talk about vladimir putin. Everyone wanted to ask me about ibm and deep blue. [laughter] so now i have a new book [laughter] and its inescapable. But somehow its probably the two summits are connected because a the two subjects are connected because a lot of russian stories are connected to cybersecurity, to its not a. I. , but its about interference using new technology. Now, regarding the situation in russia, its also quite extraordinary moment. I just arrived here today in the San Francisco airport, and while waiting for a car, so i looked at the news from moscow calling for big rallies on june the 12th. So it seems that in four days time well have another massive rally in russia. There are, i think 211 cities now just people, 211 russian cities, they already expressed their desire to join these rallies against corruption. But, of course, its against vladimir putin. The reason i mention that is because that somehow answers this question that im being asked all the time. So Vladimir Putins so popular. How do you know . Here in this country you can measure the popularity of a politician by looking at opinion polls. Maybe its, you know, it can pluck chait plus minus three or fluctuate plus minus three or four percentage points. Now, in putins russia, first of all, you have to recognize that people are being asked noun mousily, what do you think anonymously, what do you think of vladimir putin, they feel uncomfortable. Uncomfortable. Theyre uncomfortable, yeah. Because many of them were either born in the soviet union or definitely have vivid memories, and asking their opinion about a kgb dictator either by phone or on the street, it puts them in some kind of, you know, its in jeopardy. When they say, oh, 80 of russian people being asked about putin support him, my question is i want to look at the remaining 20 . [laughter] so this means theres still 20 of people who are, you know, so up happy that theyre not unhappy, theyre afraid to say what they think about putin. I wouldnt pay any real attention to these polls because the true popularity of putin could be measured by the fact that so many people are willing to join these rallies even though new zealand [inaudible] when you are being protected by the police right. Most likely be confronted by riot police. And people realize there will be a risk, but theyre still willing to show their dissatisfaction, their disagreement and their willingness to see change. Now, when putin, putins regime and putins cronies try to organize big rally ares like supporting the annexation of crimea, they bring people from the state. Very often, you know, they give money, and its many times recorded because they couldnt have enough enthusiasm, real enthusiasm. So they had to pay for that. So it tells you that even if 80, 90 of people are not willing to take action, the actual level of support for putin, enthusiastic support, its quite thin. So what led you, though, to your decision to leave the countriesome what were the factors that country . What were the factors that led up to that . I got an invitation to the visit the russian fbi invitation . [laughter] it was invitation to be, its like be a weakness on one of the many cases that they started at the time a witness. In 2011, 2012. There was a crackdown, and many of my colleagues, they were already arrested or being investigated. And when i received it, actually, i was traveling abroad. My mother received it. And i called boris nemsov, my friend and colleague and ally and asked his opinion, and boris was adamant. He said, garry, stay away. You enter the build, and if you leave the building, you will not be a witness anymore, but a suspect. So i wish he would have followed his own advice, because it was apparent at that time that the regime would to not play by its own rules. And if putin wanted to eliminate any opposition, and looking at the list of people who marched with me ten years ago, five, six years ago on moscow streets, theyre either in jail, exile or worse. So you wrote the book winters coming talking about putin as a real danger to the world, and you were critical of the Obama Administration for not taking that threat serious enough. Which weed had thought about we had thought about, listened to you a little bit more atta that time. You also say we should thank trump for showing how fragile our Democratic Institutions are. No, i think looking at whats happening now, its good that we have trump who is not capable to destroy it, but to show the weakness of the system. That the system could be exposeded exposed. And also it is a wakeup call. A lot of people thought, in this country, they thought that democracy is for granted. All the rights that we have been enjoying for more than two centuries, there are for granted. I remember that two years, yeah, two years ago i was at [inaudible] and i tried to raise this issue about putin and the threat, and he was so dismiss i have. Dismissive. He ended up this conversation by saying, look, wake me up when he takes over poland. Wow, i almost jumped in my chair. Responding that i heard similar comments about eight years ago, and we all know what was the outcome. And after november elections, bill has changed his views and became, you know, a crusader, bashing putin and russian interference. And i couldnt, i couldnt help tweeting that it seemed that putin skip over poland and skipped over poland and went straight to wisconsin. [laughter] and we are, no. Its but also its when i say, you know [inaudible] because you could see the backlash against nationalism in europe. Its because of trump, i believe, the trumps unexpected victory we saw the collapse of nationalists in holland, the party many believed was poised to win the elections were totally crushed. And by the way, it was crushed in the election because 81 of that people voted. The moment you have a majority voting over a majority, you could see that the share of vote is not as impressive as it looked. Then, of course, france. France is, that was, by the way, a big setback for putinen. He was betting on france, and they believed that they would win because they had le pen, they had also very close to putinen and mellan champion from far left. All of them talk about lifting sanctions and basically just bringing russia out of the cold and starting the new era, an era rah of cooperation. And putin lost, ma krone has won. I think, again, it was trump effect, and again, i thought the it was a good moment to make another joke saying that putin bet on three cards out of four, and he lost his bet. It seems that he was running out of trump cards. [laughter] okay. One more russia question. Masha whos a russian who had to leave russia for her safety, recently wrote an oped in the new york times, and she said we imagine the villains of history as cunning strategists, brilliant master minds of horror. We learn about them from history books that imbue events with logic, making them seem predetermined. Historians and their readers bring an unavoidable perception bias to the story. If a historical event caused shocking destruction, then the person behind this event must have been a correspondingly giant monster. Terrifying as it is to contemplate the catastrophes of the 20th century, it would be even more frightening to imagine that humanity has stumbled unthinkingly into its darkest moments. As someone who spent years studying mr. Putin and is one of the handful of journalists who have had unscripted conversations with him, i can vouch for the fact that he is a poorly educated, underinformed, indoor yous man whose am incurious man. To the extent that he has any interest in the business of governing, it is his role on television that concerns him. Whether hes attending a summit, piloting a plane or lang gliding with sigh hang gliding with siberian planes, it is the spectacle of power that interests him. It made me wonder how you compare the persona of President Trump with vladimir putining. Speaking of trump as we just had conversation before walking on stage, and i can repeat it here, that i think were lucky that it was trump who actually exposed the weakness of system. Man with no plan, with no strategy, and now we can deal with that because this is flawed. And theres so many weaknesses in this administration. Its not being formed properly. And i think it will help america to get stronger. Of its like with a virus. A virus attacks body with weakened immune system. So if it doesnt kill you, it makes you stronger. [laughter] i dont know how comforting that is. [laughter] no, but this is not a deadly virus. Right. This is not a deadly virus. And also its the, putin and trump, lets look at putin. Because masha is a good friend, but im not sure i agree entirely with what was said because in my former life, i knew it was the worst mistake one can make to underestimate your opponent. To underestimate putin, thats a big mistake. And shes right describing him as poorly educated. Everything she said was right, but he had instincts. The fact is that the man stays in power for 18 years, tell you that hes quite a savvy dictator. He knows how to manipulate people around. He won these battles in russia among his cronies. But most important, he instinct i havely learned that instintively learned its a brand new world, and you can use technology. You can use the free speech, the free environment of the democracy to promote your own agenda. And he knows its not about substance. He can lie all the time. He understands that his advantages, hes not going to be called by a special counsel to testify under oath ott. He can do whatever. And he can confess, yes, i lied, as he did with crimea. Remember first, oh, how dare you. Im a man of peace. Next statement three months later, oh, maybe there were some russians, you know, vacationing patriots. [laughter] then few months later, oh, how could we let these brave people fighting alone . Some form of tacit approval. And then eventually a year later, full recognition, bragging. Of course it was us, and pinning medals on the Russian Troops that were part of invasion. Now, in his mind he did everything right because he was a kgb guy. And we all remember even before becoming president when he was acting Prime Minister and meeting his former colleagues at kgb headquarters in moscow, he said once kgb, always kgb. And lying is a part of his job. And he is amazed that he keeps lying, and people are still buying it, still asking him did you do that . No, i didnt. [laughter] by the way, by saying i didnt, he just, you know, hes looking back at russian people thinking, of course, i did it. [laughter] they dont get it. So lets sell this nonsense to them. And its all about his appearance. And as long as hes being treated as the most powerful man on the planet by the way, two consecutive years, forbes magazine, thats what counts. He knows not because he read books like us, but because he has these instincts that no one ever in historyattacked a strong dictator. As long as dictator looks strong, there will be no uprising. Well, let me get to the point about lies. You tweeted, i think yesterday, the point of modern propaganda isnt only to misinform or push an agenda, its to exhaust your Critical Thinking and to annihilate truth. And i think that my concern is how can our sort of Democratic Society withstand this level of mendacity and chaos . What advice do you have to americans right now . Again, first of all, you should realize that the threat does exist. I think its better late than never. And also putin, putin found out that he can weaponize this fake news industry. And by the way, i could see that for a few people that speak russian in this audience, more than few, they should be aware that this business of creating fake news industry started in russia many years ago by confronting russian opposition, by creating this fake presence on internet to lead people who are looking for alternative news, who were not happy with channel 1, channel 2 propaganda machine. So it worked. Its because if you show up on internet and you look, if youre browsing there and you find a web site that looks decent and has some news, but it also sells you not 100 lies as channel 1, but it has its own window where it has to make sure that while you buying the credentials of web site, you will also, youll not notice that some of the elements of the story, they are just fake news. Then putin went beyond russia to the russian to neighboring countries, russianspeaking world, and it worked again. And, of course, he decided he could use it globally, having create troll factories and also many lobbyists. And finding quite successful because, again, hes a kgb dictator finding these weak spots in the free world because you can line hundred different ways. And now with all this social media channels, you can manipulate Public Opinion by amplifying these are the fake stories can a. I. Exactly. Someone will pick it up. And its more difficult to tell truth, because theres only one way. And its nuanced. Its exactly. For instance, when russia, Russian Missile hit the plane, it was not just a blunt denial. They came up with ten different versions. Yeah. Oh, it was i ukraine and missile. Now, it was ukrainian jet fighter. No, it was a plane full of dead bodies sent from holland. It just [laughter] ten different versions. By the way, it was amazing, Russian Television two different channels, they both confronted the report of the dutch investigators, and they had two different versions of truth, quoteunquote. One talked and with all the diagrams showing it was ukrainian missile. Another one talk about ukrainian jet fighter. Almost at the same time. Again, it doesnt matter. Because you construe this nonsense to all different alternative versions to the public, and somebody will buy it. Its somehow, i would argue, even more dangerous than propaganda, because he doesnt have to sell you anything. The soviet propaganda was limited because they had a story to sell. They had to convince you that soviet union wants peace, and they could support only certain political groups, left, far left, anarchists communists. Putin . Doesnt matter. He can go with far left, far right, anything that disturbs status quo. Anything that spreads chaos is good for him. And he can sell whatever. He knows how to weaponize whatever. Refugees from syria . Fantastic. Lets push more of them to europe, because they will disturb political balance and create problems for mainstream parties like angela merkel, in france, in other countries. So spreading chaos with putins resources and with openness of the west and total, being totally unprepared for this kind of onslaught, that worked for him. So whats your advice to the ordinary americans . First of all, you understand that this threat does exist. And its not, its not a minor threat. I understand theres isis, but you should look at putin as the main source of problem because of his ability to attack you simultaneously on many fronts. You should recognize you think putin is more dangerous to American Society than isis . You kidding me . [laughter] are you asking now . Its, even not today, but some, few days, couple weeks ago when concern. [inaudible] was on was comey was on senate floor, he said russia is most dangerous because of its intentions and resources. Isis comes and go. We can spend a lot of time talking about conspiracy theories and how many potential kgb infiltrations there, because you look at the officers that work with russia, then you have many field commanders that mysteriously, you know, came to syria. Then its about very strange relations between assad and isis. Because theyre not fighting each other. And by the way, russian planes never bombed isis. When you rook at putins operation lo