Material and troops were sent in there. For some reason will send them in and invited 70,000 japanese troops in. There is a concern given russias respect for history or maybe not respect, or an awareness that things like this. I could see that being an additional driving force in concern for protecting the arctic. For the most part, the airbases are airstrips are just not overly threatening. As i understand it except for submarines has been no ice capable naval ship. There is construction of coast guard ships but those are not armed like on National Security. So to me it still looks like a domestic approach to the arctic, not and outward looking, but a local defense activity. So i just throw that out as important because when we say military, we think aggression. When we say coast guard, we think that sun. As i look at it, i see much more of that. Once you get away from where they have submarine in the strategic issue. If you could talk about how russia really perceives that and whether they are looking aggressive or defensive in their approach to the arctic. I would say a couple of things. You are right about the history of course in the soviet union and russia of course. I do think after we had a period of two decades writing the paradigms are they shifted here. Maybe not entirely among everyone. I personally have never come across a secret plan to dominate russia militarily. There was a period where there were several administration where we saw an opportunity to integrate russia into a global community, Global Security architecture. That is failed now and the administration understands that and is still trying to figure out how we deal with a hostile russia again. On the question of the resources being put up there, ive asked people about this and theres not an enormous amount of concern yet in the United States military. Admiral papp said he would like to see us do in alaska but russia is doing their interns a more searching rest you capability. I was just up at the coast guard alex haley which is a few weeks up there floating around for domain awareness but else though for the drilling underway right now. That is how the United States has up there right now. They are going to send a few more ships, so they been the coast guard the coast guard commandant will tell you she is strained in terms of resources he has too be able to deploy a player as human activity increases on the way to the russian northern sea route, but also the other projects going on up there to increase fishing and tourism and so forth. In some respects from the u. S. Or nato active, what is happening in the russian or is not necessarily provocative. What is the father points out in the report points out the provocative military exercises the Nuclear Saber which is dangerous talk air patrols they are doing quite aggressively along all of the arctic as well as bulk takes the, including alaska up to the border and so forth. That is the cold war stuff with it for a long time. Again, in 91 it stopped in without being moved beyond that and we would be back into that era of testing provocations and so forth. To fall on back, that is why i mentioned the art expenditure because i seabed really managing the remoteness and it has no other goal. In fact, they scope of that todays is relatively modest. This center can even attempt. So you will have the minister of emergency situation taken care of the more domestic level and then youll have the arctic are paid the more a border. Even now, the bearing seed being on the side, but all the other parts of the art take will be very modest between 20 and 60 people they are rotating what we dont know which kind of equipment and so i think we should be happy just to have anything functioning as something happenings. The other element is the northern sea is another reissue. Its in the arctic ever want to see a, but thats another issue because that the bilateral u. S. Russia relationship that is going on. So i see the northern cities with the spillover issue and also what is going on after the bearing sea and the managing of crises. The commandant of the coast guard told me that he is the only one of the Service Chiefs who can now meet with his counterpart and russia and on the issue of search and rescue, oil spill response, that they the arctic has proposed and pledged to develop jointly, there is still progress going on and they cooperate on the fisheries enforcement along the maritime border in the bearing sea and that as long as they can continue that level of cooperation, it might be one of the confidence building measures. The military aspect again i think is the concern. To your point, one of the recommendations in the report. I think the u. S. Government policymakers need to assess what this is. We try to scrub the facts and understand what is to mistake, what is not excessive to domestic use. On the security side, the arctic coast guard for an which will be formally launched this fall which will invite the head of the russian fsb to the Coast Guard Academy is an important part. That is the safety, the stewardship from the south security. The missing piece here is the heart security staff. As we were seeing, we all dont have enough and the russians have the most infrastructure but we are starting to see where it is dual use. Just for civilian life or his neck, but thats Something Else and we just dont have the mechanism to understand that its a problem if its not a problem. I just worry because we are not thinking it through and we are not developing a forum for discussion. We are going to misinterpret each other a little too quickly and thats what we need to get our arms around. I think policymakers and Intelligence Community to assess this. There are some warning signs we need to understand. But that is a great question. I see a couple of hands went up a bundle a few questions. Will started. Appearing take those two questions. Again, please identify yourself with your name and affiliation. [inaudible] a question to anyone who wants to take it. Are there any specific projects that aim for Environmental Protection in the arctic that russia is doing . Any initiatives at all. Marine protection, land protection, anything. Thank you. Thank you. My name is anita carlow, recent advisor to the arctic fisheries project. May i congratulate you on this remarkable presentation that tries and in fact fact bring together a variety of attempts to the separate to the separate and look at them together. You brought it to a point for questions i would like to ask. One is when you are looking at the russian perspective and you brought it back to world war ii and the sense of immediacy of what happens when you could probably go back to the stars and napoleon. So when you look at nato and the claims articulation of nato enlargement and the sense of feeling pushed and what that means should it move to the art tick in the context of russias utilization of International Law to state and make its claims and offense as you pointed out 20 of Economic Development and a significant amount of Forward Vision in terms of economics and development in that area might there be a rethink in terms of our policy of how we might want to utilize nato or not utilize nato was not part of the world and might not come a diminishment of that lead to a greater degree of trust on both sides and therefore capacity to communicate with there might not be because why do you want to communicate with somebody pushing in a military sense if you see it that way as a matter of perception. Second part of the Environmental Protection and what comes first. Environmental protection or development which has been a question since the industrial revolution. If youve been to north dakota so you could run the holes they every year in terms of what has been flared. In terms of the wii approach rather than what are you doing this is a question, might it make sense to look at that dimension as well. The increased presence of china i thought was an extremely interesting point. The question would be your exact question if you are building economically, et cetera any think about nato and want to move forward not only with capabilities and you look at whats opening up economically any melting ice going on, do not want to protect her northern shores . Thank you. Window fernandez. Quick question with dynamics changing in china, would you envision a wider involvement or hats from korea, other asian players for russian capital . I think csis needs to do a report on asian actors. With natos role in the art taken a question about china and asia presence. Who would like to begin . On the environmental steps if i understood the question right, you have seen some steps that all the arctic nations have taken pledging good stewardship and so forth are there as recently an agreement among the five to suspend unregulated commercial fishing in the arctic until they can figure out to do more science on the stocks that are there. Putin despite his perception well deserved, hes a bit of an environmentalist and one of the projects that has gone on is to clean up some of the debris left by the soviet union and the basis if youve ever been in the arctic, you know its a difficult environment. When your car breaks down you just leave it there. So imagine the massive soviet literary might that was up there. How long this island around vermont, teddy bear co. , the village i was in that this military touch of military touch bases all over the place and theyve announced projects to clean some of the spaces and it will take a long time of course. They have also created more prisoners than sanctuaries and so forth. And not patents, it is not like russia ignores the environment entirely. On not the soviet tradition of the environment, which means its easier creating from any kind of human activity when you have a huge territory with the population that doesnt really have some initiative of waste from the system and otherwise to municipalities and the cooperation and i think it would be the best. I dont think it can be a solution. Pressure is cooperating with japanese relatively big fadeaway where korea is becoming active. The three Asian Companies have been kind of attention with a lot of Illegal Fishing between the tensions between the four countries. The big question for russia is if they really want to try without turning totally throughout china they need to put japan in the picture and you need to see them serve that. That is one of the big issues is following but you still have to make a decision if you dont want to be uniquely bilateral framework with china, you need to find a way to be something with japan. On the environment of cooperation and we try to explore the softer side to keep dialogue going. The practical challenge because of the ngo file, because of the Foreign Agent requirement, now in some ways it is an anathema to have a western scientist or academic contact and that is just a practical issue that will make scientific cooperation were difficult. It is occurring through the working groups, but again the hope for doing some larger records in the 90s if you remember the cooperation where we spent a lot of western assistance and elsewhere to clean up the radioactive units that were still left behind, that cooperation simply doesnt exist. That is an area where we need to do more exploration but it will run into practical applications. Article v extends to the arctic full text. That nato has no formal role in the art tick at all. So i agree it is not going to be a vehicle right now to bring in that cooperation but there should be no misunderstanding the treaty applications to extend to the arctic and i think its very interesting watching the dimension. Obviously when they join to the arctic council, the observers are trying to figure out their way. They want to be more involved. Obviously great commercial interest in shipbuilding, Oil PlatformsEmulation Technology is fantastic. But there is a lack of understanding and i think that will evolve over time but its been interesting because there has been a tension between the art took five, the arctic eight of the Council Members and tensions between five and three and now you have 12 observer countries let alone nongovernmental organizations. The arctic table is getting very big and there is concern that is crowding out the voices of the region so watch that space where they are tick is becoming a more global discussion topic but theres a lot of resist is because the coastal states in particular as steve mentioned the phishing agreement was for the central art day. It was a preventive proactive diplomacy to say we need more science but that was not a five and there is even controversy. There is tension with why i find wasnt included in that. These issues will have been challenging dimensions in the future. I think we will take one more quick rapid round and then we will let our panelists concluded. Theres one question about the top. Good morning. Ariel cohen at the atlantic council. As we are watching the russian economy declining in the oil price is project dead day in the 40 to 60 corridor, that raises serious questions about the profitability of any russian oil and gas projects in the arctic. If the money into the russian budget is going down and the projects are not viable, why on earth you would spend loads of dollars if youre in moscow, why would you spend this money shoring up the art it . I understand these are Great Projects in the care of the end, you know, et cetera but looking to the future, looking not shale in west siberia to be cheaper than the arctic, looking at the u. S. Continental north america and other places, i ran coming in mind, iraq hopefully pacifying and producing more oil and gas, why would you even bother . Thank you. One more question in the front and then we will conclude. Hi, Emily Meredith from Energy Intelligence and i also have an Energy Related question. You all talked little bit about how the imposition of sanctions were viewed and i was wondering if you could speak a little bit to how the u. S. Is out of arctic surely program that has been permitted recently is. Steve, i will have you started and will close up. Those are both great questions. I would say you could ask the very same question. They put 7 billion so far into the field. Oil is 40 bucks. It is not going to be profitable at that level, at that price. Shell says in their defense that they are looking way ahead and the russians are doing the same thing. At least according to estimates, so much oil and gas up their on the assumption we continue to assume Natural Resources eventually will be accessible. This administration is pushing in many other sire is whether or not you can wean yourself from the reliance on oil and gas that would make drilling not necessary and cannot have been . I am not an oil expert so i dont know. Theres some people who would like to see that happen in which case you would have to rethink. Stockman was a bit project and the town i went to was because that is where the terminal was going to be. They built a road through town and all this infrastructure in the market changed and its not going to be built anytime soon. Even putin says that for the next generation. To some degree, the uncertainty about the Economic Situation but also the kind of situation is partly why you see the investment continuing, but a little less vigorously now and a lot has been put on hold not just in russia but other parts of the arctic in terms of exploration projects and so forth. I think they will make a decision based on what they find this summer. You might see the project also go on the shelf for a while. To follow on that, that is a big issue because the investment is really something totally unrealistic and that is given the correct market. They are also looking clear closely but also the market of metals. Thats very much more lean to mineral. The price of minerals [inaudible] in some ways the president s visit is a perfect example. Heist traveling the anchorage to try to mitigate this. In fact, anticipating extending more leases. But see that thats right, its because the reserves, potential reserves are extraordinary. These Development Horizon are 3040 years out. So there are these are clear longterm strategies, but im going to be fascinated, and i hope we do public discussions, hearing what their assessments are. This is going to be candid, this is a make or break decision. The coast guard goes up there seasonally. That is our infrastructure. That is only seasonal. We are not thinking for a longterm development. We certainly do have the vision. Thats what we have to prepare for. Well, this has been a fantastic conversation. After two years, this report is also like a birthing process, weve nurtured this for a while. We hope you read this. Its online. We hope it stimulates further conversation. My special thanks to my dear friend thats been instrumental in building this. This is our last week here. I ask you to applaud and i want you to share that applause for caroline. [applause] thank you for joining us. Have a great day. Indiana. And this morning president obamas visit to alaska. President obama is headed to alaska to talk about what arctic climate change. Youll be able to find our coverage. Check the updates in our cspan schedule. With the approval of our president , sally has signed secretarial order. The interior department tweeted congratulations to the state of alaska and reports, republicans are criticizing the name change. House speaker is disappointed in the decision. The white house made the announcement yesterday, 24 hours before ariel in anchorage. He will be making several stops around the state. Joining us later today for live coverage from greg, history professor at new york university. He argues that to understand americas and Foreign Policy, one must review, watch it live at 7 00 p. M. Eastern here on cspan2. Tonight on the communicators, this summer marks the 25th anniversary of digital television. Mark, author of visionaries. Many are watching in a multiscreen world. That has been one of the most exciting out comes of the revolution. With the internet and Wirele