Education and but edith wilson became the first female president of the United States in was acting as a chief of staff. Wilson left the white house of those assassinated he left the latest data ever and then suffered the most papal lead tragic final three years to become the only president to remain in washington d. C. After his white house years and there is up to be an almost magical is operational end to his life which is each afternoon he would take a drive with his wife and chauffeur to be a handful of people just to see him in people would come to the house sometimes ever be a hundred people or 200 per for veterans day there were 10,000. The next year there were 20,000. People would come from all over the world just to see the of Woodrow Wilson house. And then we were not put into this world to sit still and know but pledges in it to to act. And give every ounce of his being to make that come true. So we hope you take a moment to use it still in then perhaps spread the word. Thank you very much. Smith there is a microphone. Thank you for your presentation and. You said he wanted to use circumvent congress but i want to ask if the 14 points in the way he went around them and how they were feeling and how they stated to give wilson 14point the divinations would they get anything they want with the initial 13 points that wilson basically sacrificed in order to gain 14 . That is a very valid question. Point by point he did not sacrifice 13 but the essence most are incorporated in the treaty there were so few lastminute compromises wilson made no question. I think in retrospect perhaps but at the time everything seemed belize believable threat he thought it could be manageable. He asserted in recent years perhaps wilson was is duped by george duke did not know the extent of the lions den. I dont believe that. There is a lot instances he was perfectly aware of what they were doing. He went over there and they were sitting at the table now of those two dozen nations have a specific agenda to gain more territory and treasurer he was not there to build an empire with a supernatural call basically so as a result that may have been the most that some say the dumbest thing he did not go id with a bag that maybe we should control more of the world he did not conceive it that way but i with segment added 14 points the essence of the real fact is there. But it is a fair question that will be debated forever what do you see inca of the autobiography of thomas marshall, his Vice President . That is a fascinating question. Marshall was from indiana to a great favorite son and lanius of the question. If you read the autobiography wilsons name only appears a handful of times which is interesting for the Vice President at the same time he was seldom even in the white house during the wilson years. Their riches the river is i know all Alice Roosevelt longworth for the last 10 years of her life and i used to go up and have tea with her and she loved to have me over because i loved Woodrow Wilson and she lowes tim sushi were ridiculed me for two hours. I was in my early 20s she was in her early eighties and i was a mouse in the cats paws. But she claims so assertively that i know it is not true. [laughter] but she claims when they finally did weeks later breakin that thus president had suffered a stroke said Vice President thing to but he was probably ill equipped in the as this goes back to why i call it a conspiracy because who is to say this man hall would have become a harry truman or rise to something nobody knew a and this was a decision arbitrer lee made by mrs. Wilson and the doctors and as a result of large measure we now have a 25th amendment that details president ial disability. Pointing out in the beginning wilson was the first southerner to become president since the civil war a product of the south and in the deep south during the era when the klan is in the ascendancy, redeemer politics spreading across the south. Would you say a couple of words our race and racism affected his thinking and behavior . I am glad that you asked because it is not all pretty and this is the and prettiest, this the and the alien and sedition act that wilson, the great progressive was extremely regressive and it must not be forgotten Woodrow Wilson did introduce jim crow to this city coming desegregated the post office and the Treasury Department that sage and segregation in any state or community that deemed it important. Going back to the personal side of somebody who grew up in the deep Southern Society and this is what he understood. All that being said he was a racist his writings, his thinking some matter what period context it is a racist sought. That being said i dont think he was a racist if we could have gradations. I dont think she hated the africanamericans if he only had hatred for a few individuals but his real feelings of segregation that i feel the you can decide if you agree, i will give you all the evidence but he did believe the country wasnt ready to integrate and said it would take a generation or two before the country could deal with the problem that is the mid 1950s that was exactly on his calendar so did he slow the process because these segregated government offices . Probably. He simply did not want the revolution that did occur in the 50s to occur on his watch. One more political point where i must end it common that wilson realized to a vance is very progressive new freedom agenda he needed the complete backing of the Democratic Party that included the fast block of the onethird of the senate and congress that were southern democrats. He remained true to them and got the new freedom that was passed on the back of the africanamerican. Thank you very much. [applause] my name is kevin in the air in washington. We have been in business nine years starting 2004. We use the heidelberg wind mill that is found in most commercial print shops using a foreword by cutting cutting, scoring, but we use it for printing. Not that many people in modern times use them for printing because they are slower, a lot of print shops use the of 44 along press that kiam send out tens of thousands of prints per hour for this is for meticulous hand work for Artistic Printing but it is the heart of our business. Think of this when you buy something made with so much attention, it has a more presence if you send a card that is not massproduced been handled by the individual i hope it has more meaning if it is made with love. Host welcome to after words came from the sunday times of london with me today is charles mohr the journalist and author from britains sunday times and charles is also the man responsible for sending me to washington and belfast in jerusalem. He has written the authorized biography of Margaret Thatcher the first two volumes going from her birth possibly her finest moments of victory in 1982 against the cold war. The book has already received rave reviews liz your dry wit and research and the telegraph describe the biography says likely to become definitive accounts so congratulations. I thoroughly endorsed those comments but it is hard to believe, and only last month of book 859 pages is substantial as it should be clearly it was not written overnight but tell me about the genesis. She was devised she should do something with her papers when she was in Office Oxford university refused jersey honorary degrees to she gave them to cambridge so she was also revised somebody should write to your life Lady Thatcher why dont you pick someone you get on with a and let them get going give them the access and the chance she kindly chose me. This was 1997 and obviously it is intimidating but a great honor and fascinating opportunities so i said less said yes. So it is a great bulk of research but the key point is it is the complete access that has not happened to anybody else so she turned to the key and lock for me. Even though it is authorized to call her ms. Thatcher. I do recall call her margaret until she is married. But authorized she did not like to talk about personal matters or dwell on her own life and somebody whos very tidy to get rid of saying so there must be some difficulties to tackle the subject even though it was authorized . From the historians point of view in documentary terms it was a nightmare because she wanted to throw everything away but you can do that because somebody wants to keep it she destroyed everything not to conceal secrets but she can touch tiny minded house like if she moved she would throw out the paper and it is the way she gave me access because i dont think she knew what was there talking to her sister she had no brothers and one sister she told neil lot about their childhood that had not previously been known and the vast collection of letters from margaret to burial going on through 1964. You get the complete picture from margarets own words education, teams were lover of closed and oxford what it was like to politics there started with the world of working and industry becoming a candidate era and of course, loved a and boyfriends. Maybe people were surprised. Mostly a was tuesday night it that i do not blame her but she said she had no boyfriends before but there were at least three serious ones that they were in the of letters and the amusing and revealing ways but what you can see through that is her making the choice of her life was sort of person will id and who will live very . Will live very . Host as tidy bit to what she says it is funny. She was living in essex this guy mentor at a function and he took her out for dinner if he was pestering her so she says to muriel and said yes and we dined he is 35 but has of naivete that only a scotsman and cant have he was sweet with a sense of humor he showed me his credentials to read his farm is worth 25,000 pounds 500 of this and that and so forth so being a scotsman he left a tip for the waiter i could have fallen through the floor then he took me home and his car i cannot pick a definite date so he will fall on me but although i had been introduced to him i can never catch his name but still dont know. [laughter] he speaks with a scottish accent and i am afraid he will be a nuisance. She was not very serious about him and he was very serious about her but he gives her a handbag so she has to stay with him because she would love a handbag. But she would pass them on to her sister and then various serial. Host then at this time Margaret Thatcher wanting not wanting to go that route she went to dinner there the men stayed at the table and the women left but margaret stayed she was struck out the men thought it was pouring in and she did not want that life where she is the housewife she does not say precisely those words but the way she is thinking and realizing this life was not for her but it was for real so she arranged it. She had one serious love who was a doctor but the age difference was so big she did not meet mary m. Then comes dennis not a frightfully attractive creature but he proposed she did not immediately except but then except to him and it worked very well as history knows. Host how much time did you spend with her personally . Guest luckily i was offered 1987 i did talk to her throat the 90s because her mental capacity declined to in the 21st century and to it was not possible to conduct formal interviews so it was intimidating and confusing and that would not be fair. Said we would have lunch and chat to get some information but i had to do more concentrated interviews in the 1990s. Host when is the last time you saw her . Guest i did not see her after her final illness she had an operation in december then she never went home. I did not see her then. When i last saw her she was perfectly cheerful and in reasonable health but it was sad because she could remember so little but it did come out of her sweetness of character how she liked domestic life giving her cats too much food is and that was apparent in her old age. Host there were some acts of kindness that was not public consumption like the irish hero individually by hand to each one. That has never happened before. Did she has set a precedent soon fade right to the family of each breed person it is true it was very good and rivals but in terms of its general attitude for those who were the oil and a good the the model of Good Behavior sometimes could be described as bullying. She like to test people but a very tough on a cabinet colleague year of the difficulty that generation some did not want to argue with a woman they do not always realize was for them to come back her bullying was a deliberate provocation and they said no. Sari. You are wrong. As long as they knew their staff she would respect that subject those to receive they did not know how to deal with her estimate because he was the exchequer and was very important and was a Great Success and they were real allies in when she made him for is secretary it became really bad he was the most able but he had a way of talking he was someone indecisive and avoiding confrontation and this would enrage her if she would pick on him in public and stuart being the only woman she did not have that sensitivity we try to protect one another in the groups situation. One of her strengths but she would not do that are reported to get something done but the president will be humiliated than want revenge. Talk about that relationship of Ronald Reagan that is in the second volume but people talk about the special relationship. What was it between those two leaders . It comes out clearly first is the personal rapport which is partly from the individual characters they like to the difference between the two of them she was very hyperactive always trying to get things done and full of energy he was more laidback than charming and amusing but the real importance lose they first met in 1975 she just became a leader and he was open date hoping for the nomination be he did not get it. The world is against them that powers that be in they shared a vision for both their countries than civilization going to wrong way. They had a very strong belief it changed with too much government problems but also have made to do with communism is they both believed communism was not going away and detente could have been based on trust that is why she is called our lady because the soviets called her that but her aunt reagin share thats when she went to congratulate him after the inauguration that was the point she said we will Work Together and despite many deep disagreements was basis of trust and mutual support. The falklands war reaches a crescendo of the book of her career, it was by no means unqualified to talk to the americans or even with ambivalence it certainly was not an easy thing for ms. Thatcher to get through they invaded the Falkland Islands she could not recover that is the end of her career a and it is lusting to britain so she sent the task force but she needed American Corporation logistical and cooperation because of the great distance and beating back up intelligence. The Reagan Administration was probritish you were getting weapons and intelligence through the back door early on but it was a serious problem. They did not want america destabilized by communism there is a big faction that felt that strongly brett mr. Reagan tried to strike the balance if he could. He would have liked a deal rather than actual combat but she was determined not to have a deal but she did make big concessions along the way making the calculation she had to do to satisfy World Opinion in hoping the argentines would not accept and that was correct but it came late United States tilted to britain. It was always a struggle and they think without extremely close relationship there would be much, much harder because she could talk cancer which because of the more active grasp of detail he was more and add a disadvantage if it was a direct conversation because every fact was in her head sometimes they would discourage these because they thought it was worse for him but it all worked out beautifully the british one flat out in the great surge of good feeling with the two countries but. Not like Jeane Kirkpatrick that she went to dinner at the embassy the night of the invasion. Is she thought she had to vote in the british way. Then after she already voted that she should abstain and she made another speech she would rather abstained so writeup to the end she did not want to the thatcher view of. It was tough when it was probritish. The Navy Secretary had the british point of view and that shares the strength of that relationship because it is that military and intelligence at its closest and to in terms of the Atlantic Alliance it is much more important than relations. With 250 troops killed it was small and a significant parts of the british establishments listed stature prevails. Guest thats right. She had no experience with for at also she did not know what to do. She know what she wanted to she had to be given validation that it could be done. She had no idea and she said how long . He said three weeks and she said shirley yu mien three days. She did not note the logistics. But that gave the feeling that it is at least possible. I do believe that of another leader who had been in a war would not have done it because they saw the difficulties so it takes a certain person to do everything you can diplomatically to keep it on track. When british one she told the house of commons and went out with the jury with a deputy and he said only you could have done it then she started to cry because of the relief of stol then her husband said have a drink. But there was a tremendous test of character and she passed and that changed everything because some of the people you were talking about who doubted were keen to get rid of her with her economic policies but then they returned the corner and if they could have gotten rid of her they would have sova secured her to allow her to have another fight us six years of success before the troubles at the end. Host i was astonished by the of them those of the falcons and the candid remarks that ms. Thatcher would put in the margins to where she would not write to memorandums on her own but receive them and she read rights all over them what she thoug