A publicsector responsibility to work this, but the private sector as a has a Critical Role to play. The foiled october 2010 bomb plot makes the case. We saw the air cargo industry working to significantly step of scrutiny of air cargo. The Maritime Transportation system is a highly concentrated system with a few large Terminal Operators and carriers responsible for handling the vast majority of cargo. The zombies could potentially take on a leadership role for deploying technologies and tools on a global scale by providing near realtime visibility and accountability for content and location of all cargo. Whatwhat they would need is a means to cover the cost. The estimated cost ranges from three to 5 billion. Given that there are millions of containers moving, we are talking about ten to 15 per box a less than the security surcharge i had flying from boston to washington for this hearing today. The risk of an adversary exploiting remains clear and present. The disruption of such an attack would generate and goes well beyond the local port rippling through the entire Maritime Transportation system. Accordingly the stakes for the Us National Security and Economic Security could not be higher. There is no urgent need to bolster and build upon the many initiatives which aim to bring and improve the security of Maritime Transportation systems. These Global Networks required for us to operate. We must work on ensuring we can survive that in the event of a dirty bomb going off in port. Thank you so much. Thank you. I will ask a quick question and pass it off. I guess the question is this, if youre going to have a Nuclear Weapon come into majority are not commit will be shielded. If it is not, i would recommend recommend to our enemies that they shielded, otherwise it will be easier to see. The smart people would shielded. Can you still see it . That is a good question which i covered a little bit in my testimony. The bombs are not easily shielded from inspection by neutrons. As is said, if you keep the neutrons fast enough, that is, high enough energy, they are not affected by absorbers and other i mean, neutronsi mean, neutrons can go through a whole ship without hardly slowing down. The tricky part is what are called moderators, things that reduce the energy of the neutrons. If a bomb was packed and a bunch of moderator material, carbon or Something Like that that can slow neutrons, enough of it could slow the neutrons down to where not enough of them would penetrate into the core to give you a good nuclear signature. That it is not a precise number, but 1 foot or so of carbon outside the device could maybe affect that sort of slowing down, but there are two things that you must consider. One, by the time that you have a few feet of carbon on either side of the device, you have blocked the whole ceu, the container that is in, and that in itself would be a signal that someone had tried to do this. It is not an easy thing to do. The other thing is a technical point, but when neutrons bound bounce off of moderator like carbon, they produce a spectrum of bands of energy that pop out that i easily detectable, and the spacing of the energy bands are a good indicator of what kind of moderator the person is using to try to beat you and the number of those bands tell you how thick the moderator is. So it is that is the game that they would play. It is not an easy game for the adversary. There is a Company CalledDecision Sciences that is able to test nuclear stuff with really thick lead. You must be in their system. It has to be within basically one of those drivethrough systems to do this, and it takes more than a drivethrough. If i might quickly, neutrons like to go through anything, particularly steel and led and stuff like that. Ordinary shielding, which is very effective for dirty bombs and even uranium and its natural state as it is just emanating gamma rays, all of those things which are effective otherwise are not very effective against the approach that i am using with neutrons. Someone has to really go out of their way with a lot of wanting to try to knock the signal down too much. It would take an actual scanning system to do that. No, sir. The trick with neutron detection of any kind is that you put a signal and the neutrons come out. And so you are stimulating very gently the fissile material to produce a signal that would not be there in the case if you did not stimulated. Another way to do that would be these drivethrough systems. None of this will happen by a handheld device that someone is holding Walking Around or a bell device. No, sir. All of this comes like a drivethrough scanning system where you can spray with neutrons and have the right on the other side. Thats right. There is no free lunch. You have to produce the neutrons, but the fact is the neutrons are not hard to produce. The trick is knowing that you have to put them where you want them and collect them in a smart way. And i will yield because i am out of time. The bomb line ofbottom line of your testimony is that a compact fast neutron inspection cant work. We are not deploying those. Im sorry. We went off on a tangent thata tangent that was not productive. It has only been sitting around scratching her head they gave me the idea. As doctor teller used to tell me, the hardest thing about doing something as a learning what you thought you were. You seem to think that domestic steps need to be taken. Cesiums fluoride specifically. National academy study was done some years ago pointing out the need to protect fluoride sources throughout the United States. Wouldwe do our attention to that issue and presumably we will avoid dealing with the problem. Which is not a good solution. Finally, dr. Lawless comes down to money, doesnt it . Or mr. Lawless. Who is going to pay for the detectors. Domestically with cesium chloride, how much money do you need to put these detectors and to maintain . We are working with the indio and a company to develop a stateoftheart detection system in the port of boston. But there is money needed to fund the program, clarity. Federally mandated systems. And they believe the federal government should be paying cbp and the indio to fund projects. Willing to put 10 15 on ten to 15 on each container. I assume you have an opinion on that. Yes, no . Yes. All right. And i would just go back to why i started this. We make choices around here and are looking to spend three and a half billion dollars for a Missile Defense system for the scarcity with uranium exclusion. Which presumably will be available for some decades. Thank you command i yield. The gentleman is recognized. Thank you for being here. I have followed your work and read a lot of what you have written. I am always very concerned. The Container Security initiative scans less than 1 pe. You believe scanning at the point of origin is 100 percent effective, or should we be investing more in scanning at our domestic ports . This is an issue with the stakes being so high that we should be looking at dealing with this across the board. Relative to where we split resources this ranks right up there given the consequence relate up which is many good bit of time in the port of la and long beach and you get the sense of scale and with the problem would be in this dirty bomb scenario, how would you work in that port as well as neighbors who live in san pedro and so forth. In the face of this, there is opportunity at the port of loading, even at the largest terminals to scan cargo. What that would do if he should be baked into the Terminal Operations just as the variation portals are here. We would like to have that when people drive into the terminal command you can do it for just the us. That is where there is counter proliferation value going out to the United States but around command to the extent that is a National Security imperative trying to get visibility should be key. So lets be clear right now of the numbers, 2,013, the numbers of cbp inspections overseas and the than 50 gave ports around the world was 103,000. 103,000. If you divide that by 365 days and 58 ports are talking five containers purport per day being examined overseas under the csi system. Five a day. Singapore, shanghai, others, it may be up a little bit because the current approaches, we will identify the risk and pump the box and take it to a government inspection facility. If you bake into the operation of the terminal you would collect this in real time. It does not mean you have to look at images. You get those that have a much greater degree of confidence about deterring this risk but also ultimately finding these when they go wrong or worst case even isolating the incident after the word so that you do not shut down the whole system. There is so much that can be done, should be done, it is not is not being done. Thank you command i appreciate the morning. The threat to our Global Economy is significant, particularly if something happened at long beach and los angeles. We knowangeles. We know what that impact would have a not just the national but Global Economy. Im just going to ask one more. The Biggest Issue that everyone tells me is that in some way that would impede, slowdown commerce and we just cannot afford that. I was going by the way, i do have a bill that would provide grants to two ports in this country that would voluntarily decides to implement 100 percent scanning with the technology that we have available just to prove everybody that we can do this and not impede commerce in a way that would really impact the economy. Is there technology that you spoke about, which one of those technologies could work and also not impede commerce . There are there is one technology that i talk about. Interrogation would neutrons. I think that it would fill the requirements you are sort of setting. I always like, they have these big cranes that move things around. I would like to put my source on one line one leg of the thing in the detector on the other. Its plenty of time. It does it inspection and seconds or milliseconds, very fast. The other thing, what i mentioned briefly in his mouth a little source and detector on the balkans of the ship. One per canister so that you can keep track of what happens to the canister the whole time it is odyssey. Sure, you can do that. I have not proved it. I have it. I have tried to tell you that the physics is okay. Thank you very much. Ms. Miss brown is recognized. Thank you, mr. Chairman. Your points and testimony are well taken that it is not an attack just on us soil, but an attack on trade and interrupting the Goods Movement in our country. And i am just wondering why if you have very specific recommendations for how individual ports and the businesses within the sports can really prepare for or prepare for a contingency plan in the event that we did have an attack and also specific recommendations for our governmental agencies and what they should be doing for contingency as well. I mean come i really applaud the question in the focus. Unlessfocus. Unless we assume there is a zero chance that this will happen, we should have a plan. That is something that we can do. The heavy coordination and collaboration issue. The Court Challenges that this is a global system running on steroids. If you disrupted increasingly it cascades across the system. It is a lot of choreography. Right now the Us Government has no plan for how to deal with this beyond the borders there isthere is a global strategy the president put out, the worlds thinnest strategy california have pages. We should have a plan, but what he actually has executed on. Thinking through that, specifics, clearly raising the awareness about what this event would look like and then mechanics about how we deal with the immediacy of the dirty bomb, what is safe . This is something a community cannot solve because the Us Government has to set what standards are for safety. Safety. The coordination is heavily between the industry runs a system in the port authorities on the local authorities and the governmental authorities. We have limited visibility. A unique and challenging issue for Critical Infrastructure is that 90 percent of it is internationally known, not us owned. We have to we have to coordinate with those key players, but the opportunity is a concentrated industry, five operators that move 80 of all the goods in the us imports all over the world. He ought to go to 180 nations. Theyre basically 20 open ocean carriers that matter. But we have been doing is looking at this as a government to government issue or local government issue when it really is an International Private system in our financial meltdown we had central bankers who can manage the morning after. It was messy, but we had a system. We have no such system for managing a major distributor of that which is which is something that i think transcends anything that these agencies here who are here this morning their jobs could do but it is a high order National Security and Economic Security issue for us to wrestle with. You had mentioned that we have been listening to industry and businesses clearly in terms of what they believe or the right what is the right direction and plan for contingency. Do you have any idea what they would suggest . In earlier testimony they said, if we had an incident the industry would just respond and that would be the contingency plan. I worked closely on that end of talk to the ceos. If there is a plan they are willing to engage. A Business Continuity issue. If there is a Cost Recovery mechanism, i had to colleagues and other work. The one that we have right now where we would select a box out of the container and send it to be inspected and very small percentages command one where you scan all of them. It is easy for me to scan them all in for you to come into my art,art, pack six high, and get to to take around. In some cases it turns out doing more is easier. The economics are better. In other places you will not have the same level and then use an approach. It will not be one side fits all. But he comes out different than the one you have when you do a government to government one , and here it is an engineering problem, and operational problem with technical complexity that it is not insoluble. This just hope it never happens. Shame on us when it does happen. Thank you, and i yield back. Thank the gentle lady. We have run out of members. This was not a bad showing for today. At least we had some people, but thank you for what you do for the country and for industry and thank you for being here. With that, the hearing is adjourned. Aa signature feature of book tv is all they coverage a book fairs and festivals across the country with top nonfiction authors. Here is our schedule beginning this weekend. 49 senators support a measure challenging and Obama Administration regulation which cuts carbon emission from power plants. The resolution disapproves of the epa new Clean Power Plan. Sinner republicans and democrats came to the senate floor to talk about epa regulations. Ly needs and dees with dent . Mr. President. Mr. Pres. The sen. From West Virginia. Thank you,you, mr. President. I rise on behalf of workers, families command communities and all hardworking americans who will bear the burden. The bipartisan resolution of disapproval that i have introduced of my colleague and 47 other cosponsors will block the epa Greenhouse Gas regulations targeting existing power sources. I also strongly support leader mcconnells mcconnellsmcconnells companion resolution to block the resolutions targeting new power plants. As i was thinking about the speech and as i rise to give the speech,speech, i realize i have said many of the same word so many times before, express the same frustrations and sound off similar statistics. What is the difference . Well, we have already seen the devastating effects and the callous nature of regulatory overreach. We know what the new reality would be. The new reality would be what we are facing with knew carbon regulations. The reality of the families, faces, and hardships that we have already endured over the thousands of layoffs in my state of West Virginia that have already been issued, the jobs that have been lost and that will never come back. Just this morning, just this morning nearly 200 West Virginia200 West Virginia coal miners in Randolph County were informed that their jobs will be gone by christmas. Think about how those families will spend their christmas holiday. And then consider how those realities would be magnified it felt throughout many households across the country that these carbon mandates could move forward. Higher electricity bills that would result, the squeeze already squeezing the struggling middleclass families who live on fixed incomes and those who live on fixed incomes with the squeeze that they will feel. For most vulnerable will bear the burden. Consider the farreaching effects regulations will have on schools that are now seeing budgets shrink while values that, home values that are now on the decline command fewer dollars available for Public Safety and law enforcement. Reality, it is the reality are causing instruction. This is not a fiscal crisis, not an uncontrollable event. Its carefully crafted, precise, and very meditated assault on certain areas of the country. Policies that help some states and really hurt others. Policies that target states like West Virginia f