Welcome to the ninth annual tucson festival of books. Please cold your questions to the very end of the presentation. Immediately following the session, the authors will be at graphing books in sales and signing area in the ua on the ball. Books are available for purchase at this location. Note, mr. Kendi will be 20 minutes late to the signing area due a live interview with cspan following the program. We hope youre enjoying the festival and invite you to become a friend of the festival today by texting friend to 520214 books or 5202142665. And thats shown on a sign the front of the room. Or you can visit the friend of the festival booth, number 110 on the mall. Your gift makes a difference in keeping the festival programming free of charge and supporting critical literacy programs in the commune. Out of respect for the authors and your fellow audience members please turn off your cell phones now. And so let me briefly introduce the authors to you. The first one is ibram kendi, an assistant professor the university of florida. The bookes called stamp from the beginning. This book won the National Book award. It was a finalist for the National Book critics circle award and nominated for naacp midgeway. Onaddress re resendez. And jonathan bryant, a full professor at Georgia Southern university. His specialty is United States constitutional and legal history and slavery. His book is dark places of the earth the voyage of a slave ship. A finalist for the los angeles book prize in history and has several other academic awards. So, well begin. Hello. Its an honor to be here. Thank you to the festival and my copanelists, and of course most of all, thank you for you all for coming to listen to this panel on slavery in america. Ill be talking about my book stamps from the beginning and i dont often have the opportunity to talk about stamps from the beginning relating to the chapters and sections on slavery so im excited to be on this panel, and so stamp from the beginning is a narrative history of racist useds and chronicles the history avry cyst ideas from their origins in 15th century western europe to the present. And of course, people are more interested in the present than then. The history, especially its history in slavery. And so racist ideas developed as an effort to justify the enslavement of African People, and so early in my research i was sort of chronicling this history. I realized that our sort of conceptions of the origins of racist ideas, our con conceptions the origins are ignorance and hateful. Ignoranty hateful people produced the racist useds and people with racist useds were the people who institutedded racist policies like slavery and that was actually not true when we looked the actual producers of racist ideas. Specifically it becomes quite easy to sort of understand this when we think about it in context to slavery. So people who began the enslavement of African People began that enslavement for economic gain, sometimes political, sometimes curl to culturally but because day wanted to make money and they wanted to continue tone slave African People and make money, and so how tide they how did they too that . What theyd dineed in or to continue this enslavement0. African people. They needed to produce racist ideas that justifies slavery. That stated that black people were fit for slavery. They were better suited for slavery than freedom. That black people were so infear youre to white people inferior to white people theyve would be better at slaves than free. One thing i found in researching this long history of racist ideas was that really it was racist policies and the need to justify them that led to the production of racist ideas. And then we, americans, began consuming ideas that black people are fit for slavery. Theyre the descendents of ham, who was cursed by god or for permanent enslavement or the black skip or the black skin or black bodies are good for labor and block people are physically superior beings and fit for picking cotton. So these were to normalize slavery so people wouldnt resist slavery and think that slave ray slavery was natural and normal and those benefiting from it would continue to benefit from it. So this book is sort of broken up into five sections. Each section has a major character. In each of these characters serve as sort of windows to the larger racial debate in america, because really, when you talk about the history of racist ideas, youre really talking about the history of a debate between racist and antiracist ideas and youre talk about major and powerful people who were involved. Like these ideas did not come out of nowhere. Didnt come out of the desert. They came out of peoples minds, although some of us would call those minds like desert if theyve could create racist ideas. So, the third major character in this text is William Lloyd garrison, and William Lloyd garrison, if youre not familiar with the history of Abolitionist Movement is the most famous white male abolitionist in history. A Founding Editor of a periodical known as the libattor and also was involved in the founding of many of the principal antislavery societies that challenged slavery in 1830s and 40s and 50s. So his section begins with a speech that he gave on Independence Day in 1829, and he gave this speech for the american colonization osite. In the 1820s, the most prominent and powerful racial Reform Organization game the american colonization society, see site geared towards sending free black people back to africa, and thereby sort of encouraging the sort of gradual abolition of slavery and then getting rid hoff those newly freed people and sending them back to africa. It was quite interesting for black folk who knew they had been called here hauled here against their and then sending them back on ships so this organization invited garrison to speak at their annual fundraising event in boston on Independence Day in 1829. In this speech, garrison, who is this young editor he hadnt started the liberator yet. He says in the peach im sick our hypocritical captain about the right of man if we should bin a gradual abolition of slavery, not promoting couplization, and then ten days later he went to a black church in boston and went to a celebration of englands abolition of the slave trade. So at this event a white clergyman addressed the crowd and during this lecture, he advocated that emancipation right now was not wise or prudent, and that black people needed a long period of time qualifying them for freedom. Basically black people were not ready for freedom. And so garrison, when this speaker said this, he heard this murmur go through the crowd you. Know how the crowd gets angry. And heard this murmur and caused him to think about about what he said in his speech ten days earlier when he advocated a gradual abolition of slavery, and the thought about that as he walked home that night. And he thought about words like immediate emancipation, a wild vision. He described it as this wild vision in this speech. Or was it wilder to stand on some sort of middle ground between what he was cawing sinful slavery calling sinful shavery and righteous freedom. He said i have nothing left to stan on. By august of 1829 he moved to baltimore and became the code editor of this prominent periodical call the jeepous of emaps make and then he wrote no valid excuse can be given for the tip yawps tip yawns continue yawnsans or continuans of slavery and i say this to sort of talk briefly about over the next 30 years, they became this three ways about slave ray slavery and raise in america with three positionsful garrison took the position of immediate emans situation. Others took the position of gradual emancipation and then took the position of permanent slavery. These three possessionsre indicative of a larger racial debate over the course of American History on notions of equality or racial equality, and that larger debate im referring to. That i chronicle throughout the history, a debate that even continues with the end of shat chatle slavery had the positioned. One was permanent inequality. And this position stated that, yes, there are always the racial inequalities and inequities in our society some they are caused by black inferiority, and black inferiority is permanent. So theres no way we can have anything other than racial inequities and inequalities in our society. Thats one position of the course of American History. A second position has been bad gradual equality and this position stated that black people are infear youre inferior right now and even if we credited equal opportunities we would not have racial equality because black people right now are inferior. But the have the cant to civilize and develop black people so that one day well be able to create equality. This is the second position on race historically in america and then the third position has been what i call immediate equality, and it is this position, the antiracist position, that suggests that the racial groups are equal, and that no even if we were to provide equal opportunities for black people, then we would be able to create racial equality because theres nothing wrong or inferior about black people. Thats really what garrison spend the next 30 years promoting as related to slavery. We need to end slavery eight now pause because black people are ready for freedom. Thank you. [applause] thank you for coming. Its a flour share my work ask thank you for carving out some time as part of your precious saturday to discuss and think about books. Ill start out with ibrams really interesting discussion about race and slavery, and say an extend that to the case of native americans. I began this work pretty much like an accident and i wanted to write a very concise, very targeted history of the enslavement of native americans in the 16th century, but i wanted to provide some of the larger the broader context of this story, and so i began collecting information about indian enslavement in subsequent centuries under spain and mexico and the United States, and i gradually came to see a very long running thread and i became persuaded the best thing i could too was to try to put it all together, put all the pieces that scholars have the been working on in different regions, and try to give a sense of the forest in order to get a better understanding of these phenomenon. So, i started out with very specific questions. One question that really attract mid from the very beginning is to try to come up with an estimate of the numbers of indian slaves. Numbers have a way to impress our mind powerfully, so when we talk about the 12. 5 million africans who were forcibly transported across the atlantic that makes a strong impression on our mines and puts news the frame of mind that whenever we talk about slavery, whether in virginia or brazil, or the caribbean, we are talking bat vast system that spanned continents and resolved around an entire ocean. I wanted to do the same thing for native americans and i gradually put together some estimates. So the which i think speaks begins to speak. Just the scope of this phenomenon. So the estimate i provided again, very tentative but very necessary if we want to get a sense of this is 2. 5 to 5 million native herons enslaved between the time of columbus and 1900 when the institution disappeared. There will additional very interesting similarities and contras to the case of african slavery. For example, like african slavery, which targeted mostly adult males in the case of native americans the majority were actually women and children. So that really puts a very different spin on that particular story. And another very interesting difference, and perhaps this is the most fundamental in terms of the story im trying to tell in the other slavery dishes the fact that indian slavery was early on permitted because it was another racial group, another racialized group that was suitable for enslavement but early on the spanish crown decided that native americans were not enslavable. So as early as 1542 the spanish crown prohibited under all circumstances the enslavement of indians. So what happened was that owners who had benefited from these labor for half a century by then, resorted to all kinds of euphemisms and all kinds kinds b at the fuming to maintain mastery of the slaves and it targeted native americans and even more fundamentally because it operates in different ways. It sometimes requires detective work in order to figure out what the real libber conditions or Labor Conditions are for enslavement, based on debt, based on the legal system, or some other circumstances. So thats what i start eddoing. I have to start outer by emphasizing that slavery was not a european invection. Native americans had enslaved each other well before the arrival of europeans. But these practices expanded and resembled the Human Trafficking that are recognize able to us today. The story that i tell is a moving story. It begins in the caribbean, where i tried to show that as much as biological speaks in the enslavement of native americans is a very significant factor for the entire desdecimation and a relationship between epidemics and enslavement. Slaving rates actually spread disease which decimates the population and the dwindling population requires more slaving rates in order to replenish that dwindling population so its a vicious circle. So thats what happened in the caribbean. Thats where i begin and that was the first and the worst native enslavementground in the world. But it quickly moved on to the mainland etch focused on the silver mines of northern mexico, silver mines are incredible enter pries enter interprizes following the shaft deep down and this is part of the exploitation of the silver mines. You can imagine this is an incredibly labor intensive process that requires people to bring up the ore from the shafts, pulverize that ore, mix it with some fairly toxic reagents like mercury, and all of this happened the time when the spanish empire had to rely primarily on its own labor resources, that is, the indigenous population that existed around the mines. So, that is the story that i explore, but very quickly that population was wiped out or disappeared or moved away, as any rational people would do. And so very quickly they moved into what is now the american southwest, so the regiony we are was the theater of operation of these raiding campaigns from the silver mines into this catchment area so this book makes its way into the american southwest where we have plenty of evidence of enslaving going on through the end of the spanish empire and into the mexican period. Interestingly enough, the institution became so entrenched that it was very difficult to stamp it out. So spain tried to prohibit it. To no effect. The Mexican Government did the same thing. It essentially outlawed indian slavery and extend citizenship rights. Incredible it may sound to all native americans living in american territory. That didnt help. So it continued into the american period and widespread mom from the americans of from east to west rekindled the enslaving practices. So the American West became the site where these practices lasted through the 19th 19th century. I briefly good into how the civil war and especially the introduction of the 13th 13th amendment may have alleviated some of the problems because it prohibited slavery and involuntary ser have i tude and this excluded native americans who were about to granted citizenship until went into the 20th century. The story goes interest the end of the 19 enemy center when for other economic reasons, the institution declined but by maybe were talking about the vast system of enslavement that affected as many as five Million People and that we have pretty much forgotten all about it. So thank you very much. [applause] i usually teach in a darkened theater and cant see the faces in front of me. This is a wonderful thing to be able to see you. As a writer you have heard this term from both of the other speakers as writer im convinced the most powerful tool of historian is narrative or storytelling, lies the heart of what historians do, and historical analysis, naturally follows from a welltold story. So when i first encountered the story of the slave ship antelope, i envisioned just a quick article. But then the story grew. Sailing ships, cannons, pirates. You would think i was ten years old. Hundreds of enslaved captives, rescue, three trips to the United States supreme court, resulting in John Marshalls most important statement on slavery. Then i came across thousands im not exaggerating thousands of pages of documents from district and circuit courts in the branch of the National Archive in atlanta, and it was very evident they were scattered in dozens of books that no one had really utilized these before. Suddenly i was on the back of a tiger and how could any storyteller resist . By 1819, most european nations and the United States had outlawed the african slave trade. Spain and portugal continued the trade. The antelope was a spanish slave ship based in cuba, and in the summer of 1819, it left on another voyage to trade for slaves in africa. In march of 1820, the antelope was anchored on the coast of West Central Africa when she was captured by privateer, sailing on the flag of a revolutionary predecessor to uruguay. It comes to a bad end. But thats you have to read the book to find that out. The antelope was brought back to americas. There were at least 331 captives on board the vessel. Off the coast of brazil the capper, the privateer, was wrecked and the antelope continued on in a dramatic voyage throughout the atlantic world, really, in many ways, until finally in june of 1820, the antelope was captured by United States revenue cutter off the coast of florida. Ultimately she was taken into savannah and by that time the 156 surviving im sorry 256 surviving captives we started with 331 were unloaded from the vessel. They were on average 14 years of age. 42 were ten or younger. But this is actually not unusual for the slave trade at that time. Despite their. Despite the illness of many of the captives, they were worth a fortune, and whenever theres lots of money to be fought over, there are of course also lawyers. I