Its for us really being type of architecture that can really bring in things we learned. Its important. It needs to be directed to the point and the sky we want to get to. Its not like going god knows where. Make sure we can take advantage of things, its a great idea, things that should be investigated as we two forward. The way i like to think about is sailing analogy with respect to strategy. We know where we are going to go and we have no idea how the seas are going to change and adjust along the way. Its really important that as we learn more through science, as we learn more through developing technologies, thatll feedback to architectures and approaches that will enable some and make them more available and maybe eliminate other systems and approaches and i think its really important that we continuously look for opportunities to collaborate, take advantage of new technologies and look at their performance and feed back and obviously the science that we the science we do and what we learn there i have to feed in and as we go along and progress and technology, we will replace equipment, et cetera, i think that is absolutely what we have to have to do if we are going to get there and its going to take not only integration but kind of dedication and purpose over fairly long period of time to be able to get there and i think weve been at it for a little while and we will continue to move forward. But, steven, thomas described a very flexible architecture where you dont lock things in and not linear the way thomas described. If you look at activity, naval, spacex can do that. We, as a government can provide that to anybody who has that ability. We built that key piece of infrastructurement it would be very difficult for a private company to have three 7meter and thats the right thing for the government and if we make that available to anyone that wants to use that in creative ways that have benefit back to us to understand about super sonic, thats really a great synergy and could be supportive of a broader private Sector International community that want to do these things. All the International Partners can communicate and use the same network, all the data comes back to deep space network, thats almost everyones data, when thomas talks about missions, they will be supported by the deep space network, that infrastructure that we need to be doing is really, really important and it underpins the other things, its not about who gets the headlines or the credit, how do we move Forward Together as a team. Also we need to be sure we dont play how we go to mars, landing stars farther forward, maybe we go towards the surface of mars directly and we dont have to do anything with the moon, maybe the moons will play a role moving forward. As we discussed the deepescape gateway, staging point to go to mars. Do mars moon or maybe highly optical than mars orbits, those are the things that we want universities, academia to start training and trading and build framework. Create infrastructures thats resilient enough and not many dead ons, we this network together allows us to do this huge challenge which is put humans on mars. I love that concept of the deep gate spaceway. Three cheers for the dsn, as always. Halfway through the segment. H2m summit. Microphones here and there. While people come up to those, i will throw one more to you, guys, weve heard about the technological challenges, your boss, the administrator and others have also addressed the other sorts of challenges that are less under your control. Whats the bigger technology, technological or the public and political will . Its hard to separate the two. There are two sides of the same. The way i think about it, if we were managing to really show the excitement, show the opportunity and also not going to have communications, structure that entirely comes from us, in other words, theres others like, you know, people in the audience and others are basically seeing value in going there for perhaps entirely different motivations. We see this as a much bigger likelihood of gaining support because theres multiple voices that can point in the same direction, one to have big transitions i would say in the last decade is really that voice louder. I think for me thats going to help news the long run. Thats going to help us also in our discussions where stakeholders and help us basically say, hey, look we are at the pivot point. Thats really the point where we want to make. We are at the pivot point in which we make, increase, pushing down the pedal, whatever that means, partnerships, total money investment in the ecosystem and start checking off those box that is you have over there and so for me, it really will take both. Yeah, i think its back to the previous discussion about being flexible and learning and moving forward and because i think we kind of get disconnected when we talk to start focus on the how or the who. I think we tend to engage in maybe let productive conversations when we talk about who and how, the way i describe it is this is a tremendous challenge, huge challenge and we absolutely can do this, but the way i view this is all hands on deck, we need to take advantage of universities, companies, obviously other Government Agencies and we ought to be using the best mind, the best ideas wherever they are and and use them to meet in order to meet the goal that i think we are all aligned up on agreed on. I think that the locking down on the detail plan and get into the who and the how and we will be just fine and we will get there. The other thing that we need to look at too we in this audience, we like to talk about the challenge side, we get excited about working that challenge. I think we also have to think about what the benefits are of achieving those challenges and what that means to society as a whole. Why are we moving humans to mars . What does that have to do with the problems we face today . I think we need to turn those challenges back into real things that we can show how theyre providing benefit back to folks, i think it comes naturally to the Younger Generation, the Younger Generation sees a Better Future by us moving out and being explorers, we dont often talk about that. We dont talk about understanding how we do close hoop life support systems. Resources become more precious and we have to recycle water and we have to do other things and we provide Water Purification for people in africa. Those are coming from space technology. You know, our whole view of the universe, place in universe has changed from apolo on. How do you talk about the aspirational motivations that are really big . We as engineers, scientists and maybe focus more on the challenge side but we need to turn that around to the general population and describe to them what the benefits are of us attacking challenges and trying to accomplish these and how these would have benefits for all of us here. We have to describe the other side and i dont think we as a community do a very good job. We could do a better job at that. Its Getting Better and better. Im going to bet that, steve, you and your people could point to 38 technologies and show us benefits for those who are stuck down here on own on the practical side. You are the choir, preaching to the choir, you can talk to us. Im not sure, here is somebody with a microphone, hi, introduce yourself and let us hear your question. Hi, im Peter Alexander from maine and i was intrigued last night and i learned for the first time that the atmosphere of mars is largely co2 and what were doing to our planet maybe wondering if we have been there before. In your analysis on where to put things where to put blending craft down, where to do the exploration as you were talking about earlier, have you considered where the oceans and bodies of water would be and where if there had been human or human like settlements on mars previously, wouldnt that be logical that they would be as they are on earth, largely along the coast of the former bodies of water and is that something that youve considered . Im going to say the film that peter is talking about, some of us got to see terrific passage to mars documentary last night, absolutely wonderful documentary with a lot to say to those of us in the choir. Yes, our progenitors, the ones who may have started on mars. Let me answer the first part of the question. Do we know where the bodies of water are and basically the answer is yes, one of the breakthroughs in the last decade also is that we went from feeling or, you know, 15 years i should say in this case because thats how long it took from a feeling that there used to be water to not only very good agreement of where that water was and where it is today and where this big, you know, where the water flows, where the ice, where it is today. Thats where we would, you know, take advantage of of resources when we land there and thats also and tremendous certainty. Some of these resources dont have as much water in them like lake superior, fresh water, lake in the u. S. , in the world, i think. Bottom line is, we found those. Relative to signatures of, you know, people whom might have lived there before, i will just say we havent found any of those signatures and weve looked. We have highresolution cameras and we keep looking for, to learn about science and all thats to learn about this planet, you know, at this point, you know, really what we are doing is looking forward. We are thinking of the one thing we know for sure is that intelligent life will be there once we land. We are the martians, we should be. Yeah, i think weve already had workshops to look at what the landing sites might be. Technologically we are looking at landing sites, what are the challenges on landing safely. And so thats already that started and will continue. The co2 atmosphere is intriguing. We combine that with hydrogen from water into oxygen for the crews to breathe and combine that hydrogen with co2 that the crew generates and make more water and we actually create methane, propellant that can be used for vehicles, et cetera. A nice advantage of using the co2 atmosphere in a real way combined with some of the water on mars to really refine some of the chemical processes and youre exactly right, some of those have huge benefits to us here on earth specially as we deal with co2 environment that we are potentially kicking up, how can we remove co2 and change it into something thats more compatible with life. Tremendous areas, utilization and intriguing and mars will force us because of the necessity to stofl hardengineering problems, force us to get realworld solutions that has real benefits to us here on earth. Step by step. We have a question on this side, hi, sir. International partners are raised as key role, im wondering how you see china playing a role . I know the former administrator made outreach to china, some outreach, have you heard any continuation of outreach discussions of how one day you coordinate with china, build bridges there, same infrastructure . Speaking of political rather than technological challenges. Again, we are prohibited from working with china on a bilateral relationship, so we work with them in a multilateral form. Wewe are aware of their activities, they are well aware of what we are doing and we can work with them in multilateral manner where it makes sense, in terms of bilateral relationships and oneonone we are prohibited by law to have interactions. I think again this challenge is so huge, we will figure out a way globally that we can work within the constraints we are given to figure out a way internationally to make these activities happen. And so what they are doing is exciting, what we see coming with space station, lawsuit lunar activities are intriguing. They just refueled successfully robotic their fuel station. We were able to publish that to the web. Thats available to any country to go use and we are going set other standards in terms of life support systems, pressure levels in terms of mod uils, standards in terms of bus architecture and thats a great way. Its a voluntary standard. Now we have intercombatility and move components from one country to another country. Its a powerful way to stay out of the political debate by publishing open standards that are voluntary as spectrum came about. Those kind of things make tremendous senses, you publish general ideas for those standards, you get general consensus, now you can really build this flexible architecture we have been describing throughout the entire international community. Thomas, as a scientist all of that must sound nice to you . Oh, yeah, in science we have during the cold war, we have during every one of those political rifts between countries collaborated, organizations like coast bar have been a platform for science and by the way, currently has u. S. President , you know, to really get scientists Going Forward even if there are political challenges, sciences have been over time and many of these things have been uniters and have been helping, people to come together. Science is Going Forward because its multilateral, you know, people go to the same conferences often around world, sometimes here, sometimes elsewhere and its continuing as we go forward. We are getting close to the end of our time here, probably time for at least a couple more questions, i hope. Sir. Hi, im peter. I wish i was a cool scientist but im just a lame engineer so im wondering if you can talk about the return mission, im not really sold on it, if anyone up there could try to sell me the mission, that will be great. Let me just tell you how i see my job, right, im only good at some type of science, not all science, right, so i wrote 200 publications that i wrote, i forgot what the number is, pretty narrow domain, im not going to sit here and basically tell you, in every science that we do at nasa im the same kind of level of expert. See what we do for that to kind of make sure that when a person like me comes to a job like im in, make sure that we are not immediately pivoting towards what i know or towards what somebody else might know but we do National Academies to kind of convene experts in field and give us most compelling evidence and the most compelling recommendations for programs that we should do. The mars sample return if the highest recommendation of the last planetary, midterm thats just kicking off right now so we are really interested to see. Science moves forward, right, sometimes something is super priority that over time, you know, because we start answering some of these questions is is going basically, hey, we are almost done with this. I dont think my prediction will be that i will wait, my prediction, high priority last time it will remain high priority this time. The ability of taking some of the samples and investigating them with the components with the tools that they need to be investigated. We dont know currently how to get the masses up there but, you know, im not going to sit there and basically said as compared with all of the other science topics i know, me thomas know this is the most important one and im, you know, the point is im really following this job the National Academies and you should be glad i am. [laughter] because everybody, the programs would be far too narrow. Take the observation of, you know, new observations of extra planets that are out there. They come because we are following the kind of advise and discoveries do happen and we find exciting science, we would have never guessed. Im going in the back of the room, lets get one question. One quick question. Real quick one for you, my name is mike dunn director of fourth planet logistics, we are the folks who are developing the research facility, my question has more to deal with the last comments and discussions that you were covering and that has to do with the public enthusiasm and support for journeys to mars. What im interested in finding out is weve had people approach us such as nike, adidas, north face, folks like that who are interested in getting involved and getting, developing a relationship with any and all efforts that are going on relatively to approaching mars. My question is really simple, what within nasa or the government organizations are currently available that we can refer people to from that industry to help coordinate those kinds of efforts . Theyre predominantly geared to developing clothes, shoes, things of that nature. Theres a couple of activities that we have been looking at for general clothing and other things on station. We have lots of other authorities that we can get into pretty Creative Space act agreements with companies that are interested in doing things. Again, we stand very open for any of those groups to come and talk to us. They can come to us through a variety of ways. We have requests for information where we are asking for specific components or specific hardware but if they see some component or technology they are working on they think would have interest in nasa, they can provide unso like thatted information in that area and tell us how they want to team and do the things. I think the agency is open of doing a whole variety of Different Things with companies that are maybe not necessarily in the Aerospace World today but they definitely have application and have applicability for what we are trying to do. We are partnering with caterpillar, machinery, one of the largest construction companies. We have 20 teams that are going to bring machines to illinois in a few months from around the world and they get prize money for making certain milestones. Thats an example through at least challenges program of using a unique approach to engage nonaerospace, nontraditional partners. I think thats working pretty well. We will see how Technology Works out. The other thing nasa spacex website, look at the principal technologist, technology area, contact them. They will better formulate what youre trying to do and easy to get a hold of them. Front door of space. I am excited about the amazon prime delivery on the moon. Something to get forward to. We need to get going because theres many sessions over the next couple of days. My boss, the science guy, nasa is the best brand that the United States has and if hes right, i think he is, then the three people sitting up here with me get a lot of the credit and much of the responsibility for maintaining that reputation as we reach out to the red planet. Gentlemen, thank you so much and keep it up. [applause] thank you. Thank you all. By the way, someone is still having his, her luggage outside the doors sitting there. We will send it to the moon soon unless you take care of it again yourself. Sorry about that but it really needs to b