With richard for two reasons i originalist and what that means is my work is deeply dependent on talking to people but it is based of those who have the time and inclination to do the deep research that richard demonstrates in his book try to make that clear over and over with that research some of the things here not so interested in talking about so i just paid back the favor to be here. But the second part is there is a notion im doing whatever i can with this country for a long time we saw ourselves as a country with a racial problem underneath that that there are pure races that exist in this country a white race from europe for a black race from africa and in asian race from asia and the latino race i dont know where or even muslim but that is done. That the actual name comes after the attempt to take somebody something from somebody happens so define problem but really it is the things about we continue to do to this very day. But the way that racism is a figure into the idea of race we will talk about a particular power it was created through the housing policies sold talkedabout the place and also in our daily lives. Guest. Let me say the fact that we live separately every metropolitan area has a nervous implications for those that we face i spent a lot of time writing about the achievement gap but a good part of that that if you concentrate children with economic disadvantages they cannot possibly achieve at that level even if they were not predominant like africanamerican children so they are absent more often said to pay special attention so with every time they are in poor health as middleclass children there is no way to give every child special help because curriculum at home needs to be more remedial. Every child comes to school distressed then they have to be spent on the behavioral issues so the fact that children are concentrated a fax that education and problem that we face to focus on the confrontations between africanamerican men that is a function of residential segregation to serve and protect and young men would not be hopeless with note transportation so overcoming those problems that they face were concerned about growing inequality. In part by residential segregation so low income children are much more likely than those who grow up in segregated neighborhood. Sova it is important for what we might do about that. So why is it segregation leads to those that outcomes. So what comes with that . Guest it is primarily because those that are concentrated in single classrooms prevent the teachers from being able to address those individual problems to every child has those problems and it has become more difficult to deal with if you integrate low income africanamerican children and in the neighborhoods he would not have these problems but it is lower in part because of the history of segregation if that isnt a policy alternative i dont suggest black children have to sit next to white children to learn but to be disproportionately african to be next to middleclass children with a learning environment. Those that come from lower income households. They come from the of weld households and i can talk about that now or later is going to be a long answer. But most people think of residential segregation today something the Supreme Court coined the term that happened by accident because of prejudice or realestate agents steering people to different places under those constitutional theories although it may not to have one side of the time but under that theory something happens through private action if it happens by state action that only is there a constitutional remedy but an obligation so how does this wealth gap that you talk about i rise with the statesponsored segregation it is not a Hidden History but there are two main aspects and how they react with each other as a place with the high rises unemployed Single Parents that is a fairly recent Development Public housing began with the new deal during the depression with a of middleclass families ever homeless during the depression some were built for africanamericans that is what made them so progressive others bought Public Housing only for whites. So those segregated projects were built so that started us a new deal so in the ear of the 20th century in the north and south with of aetnas it ethnicities they did not have transportation so those neighborhoods who were integrated we dont have that anymore today. You could write that i never feet in which she describes his best friend was polish dated a jewish friend in a school the federal government came into the neighborhood demolish them in bill segregated Public Housing with a separate project for whites and blacks now skipping ahead this with don through world war ii for those who migrated in seoul many of these had no africanamerican population in california there were very few africanamericans with the shipbuilding with the federal government but they were all white before the war so in 1949, getting closer, that was a massive expansion because that was us housing shortage even than. And all of those returning to the country so president truman proposes this option but to emphasize the point in the early years of Public Housing cities had social workers visit the homes of the white applicants to make sure the children were well behaved, a good enough furniture to put into Public Housing and had to show a marriage certificate. So president truman proposed this bill not for race reasons but because because they were opposed to any private sector involvement so they defeat this was the poisonpill amendment and hopes it will pass within congress put said in a housing bill that from now wanted us to be integrated but before that to be segregated but the amendment that had to be integrated so liberals supported the integration and then it was passed and then they would abandon the bill so the liberals said congress fought against this led by Hubert Humphrey said the integration amendment before that was passed to continue that policy of segregation of what followed so that is how we have these giant towers in chicago or perhaps the most wellknown of these. They give that these are segregated but there for black people but to leave that towers are for africanamerican the other is for the whites not because they did not apply but that after a few years the white tower was vacant and the other one had a long waiting list why is it that after all these years that whites Public Housing that has happened all over the country had a long waiting list . The program run by 80 fha with the movement of white families into singlefamily homes and to the suburbs so the federal government a wooded guarantee loans but they never could have assembled the capital of selling 17,000 homes with no buyers. Guaranteed by the federal government on the explicit condition no homes be sold to africanamericans and every home in the neighborhood and ask to have a deed to prohibit the resale to africanamericans so the whites were moved out of the citys African Americans had to remain into the citys at the same time that the rights were part of the country but those homes sold for seven or 8,000 and is about 100,000 in todays money African Americans are equally capable to pay that money for a house especially with the fha mortgage with no down payment policy in fact, they paid less of a monthly carrying charges they and Public Housing. But to hold showed a home so today they sell for three different a thousand dollars to read your question the africanamerican families that were prohibited in rented apartments did not gain 300,000 in equity over couple generations of white families gain that equity that those homes homes are unaffordable so now if 1947 that was the National Median income so today they sell seven times that workingclass families that moved to the suburbs from the 40s and 50s. So to a nationwide we have a ratio of income African American wealth is 5 or 7 of world most families been their way it eight their wealth. There is an enormous difference between a 5 wealth ratio almost entirely attributable to unconstitutional federal housing policy into the fifties saw it think that wealth gap is a charitable. Edits a wonderful history that you have africanamericans with one track of housing and giving to another track of housing and the state subsidized opportunity and another one in which africanamericans vince were excluded from but that begs the question why . Why was this done . Guest added say difficult question to answer that is not in the archives of regionally speculate but that is for the journalist to speculate. [laughter] billetdoux take their several reasons but remember the Roosevelt Administration was an expression of it anglosaxon ruling class with their refusal to it met refugees from nazi germany with antisemitism so that is not surprising so also with many cases the administration reluctantly made compromises with Senate Democrats to include africanamericans the benefits of the new deal so they were excluded from social security, minimumwage but that doesnt affect housing because other democrats were content to have integrated housing in the north some were perfectly willing to have integration and the wingback to the time of slavery. We did have some other problems as long as the self could preserve integration that would explain the housing issue but the other issue is i guess that really isnt an answer to your question in but to desegregate formally every other area of American Life but then they considered anywhere on the bus but then they could sit down but the lunch counter that they could go to the Neighborhood School but to desegregate neighborhoods what happens . The next day they cannot move to the affluent suburb so it is very difficult to think about this problem and as a result we have avoided that end we come up with the myth to protect us from thinking about it that it all happens by private action therefore it happens by accident we dont have to worry about it. But the state that actually enacted . But there is a common idea where racism is basically linked to a conservative south what does that mean you have a situation that when they went to have that critique of president barack obama so that means that was the exact point of the policies so what does that tell us about the possibilities for those ago to White Supremacy or racism . I dont know if i would go that far. The new deal was the First Administration actively involved so it isnt the previous administrations that were racist all those summer and some were not. With the harding and Coolidge Administration so first it was involved in housing and a note of the Roosevelt Administration was worried but relatively progressive on race because of the africanamericans. Were having the only housing for white families. I will push you a little bit. But much of that inequality can be traced to this. So it can only be created by i am awful economy. So with is the opportunity to be involved so that is the ability to segregate. I gave a lot of lecturers and people always ask me that question i did not want to answer that the fine a in a book about remedies in tell the disabuse ourselves of private causation because as long as we have this consensus conservatives and liberals alike those that think that as is the fact there was segregation that we cannot think free the so i will give you a radical answer because there is no political consensus that gave you the example before from levittown. With the history was statesponsored as a violation of the 14th amendment so we might do the following the 15 percent of the metropolitan areas or where they buy at the 15 of homes that would be a constitutional justifiable remedy in light of the history that i just described although ive never said that of public but i just did. [laughter] but that cannot be debated unless we bring that to history so now to do everything that we can. I think you have said in your articles that the first step has to be understanding the history before we can begin seriously to talk about remedying it. We are ready to take questions from the audience. Now i dont have a mic. Thats okay. We can share. All right. If you could comment on housing segregation being a result of partially due to the fact that when many g. I. S returning from the war, they got the g. I. Bill, and i think they also got money for a mortgage, bit understood that while africanamericans also received the g. I. Bill, they usually, a. , couldnt find other bang that would give couldnt find a bank that would give them a loan or couldnt find a school that would take them. How does that compare to the disparity in asset accumulation versus what you just laid out . Well, in the book i talk about ive been writing about this as ive said for a number of years, and i got an email from somebody who told me her family story, and the told the story in the book. An africanamerican veteran of world war ii, very ambitious and talented. He bought a truck, a surplus army trucks and reconditioned them to haul sheet rock and other construction material. He got a contract with levitt. He was a veteran. Got a contract with levitt to help build levitttown. But wasnt permitted to buy a home there. He was better off nationally than many of the people who purchased homes in levitttown, the white people. They were working class men returning from the war. So the g. I. Bill was available in theory to africanamericans but if the subdivisions that the federal government was creating wouldnt sell homes to them, the availability of the g. I. Bill didnt do much good. Thank you. I love your book. Ive bought so many copies. I live locally in this neighborhood, and im increasing i grew up in washington, dc on Dupont Circle and one side of the circle was mixed and the side was mixed. By the time i graduated from college that changed and all Dupont Circle has gentrified. I couldnt afford to live there mat is the impact of zoning . I have a ground floor flat i could afford to rent to a family. They go to the merch school or they could live downstairs in a onebedroom with a big living room, dining room, kitchen, a beautiful garden, but i cant do it because of zoning. I would like to do that and encourage my neighbors to do that instead of building this god awful, pardon me my french, homeless shelter with cubicles for people to live in without access to food and jobs. They can go to giant. They have to schlep their kids across town. The amount eye money they could buy and help people in this neighborhood and other neighborhoods to redo their basements to provide Inclusive Housing and get people on the right track to independence instead of continuing slavery by putting people in boxes in the Police Parking lot. All right. Let me im going to talk about let me talk about zoning more generally. The term ill use is exclusionary zoning, zoning that prohibit dirk dont know the particulars of your neighborhood and wont try to find out in the next two second, but many, many white neighborhoods, white suburbs in this country, have exclusionary zoning ordinances that prohibit im not talking. Poor people that prohibit the construction of townhouses or attractive apartment units. Those zones ordinances goes to your question. Im finish with your neighborhood now and will talk about generally zoning. Those zoning ordinances date back to the pre new deal era and they were specially racially motivate, which is something that another part of the history that we forgotten. In 1917 the Supreme Court ruled that cities could not establish racial zones and cooperate say that africanamerican can live here and whites can live here or there. Actually, the way in which these ordinances were written, that the Supreme Court prohibited in 1917, indicated how integrated the neighborhood friday in the urban areas were. The typical ordinances prohibited froms knock moving on to a block which was majority white. An integrated block but it if was majority white, blacked couldnt move on and majority black, the whites cooperate move on there the city of baltimore has enormous difficulty enforcing it because one block there was an africanamerican church, mary the reverse an africanamerican church, and the minister moved out of his par parsonage in order to have repairs done and he couldnt move back in because the majority white nature of the block made it illegal for him to live in his own church parsonage. The Supreme Court ruled that unconstitutional, not because they that are integrationists but the Supreme Court, those who know some American History in that time for the 19 beginning of the 20th century through the mid1930s the Supreme Court throughout its main role in life was to protect Property Rights, and the zoning ordinances interfered with the Property Rights of the home owner to sell to whomever he wanted. That was the basis of the Supreme Court decision. City leaders who wanted to segue degree gait their communities were panicked by the decision. How were they going to do it without the ordinances . And in 1920, Warren Harding was elected president. His secretary of commerce was a fellow named Herbert Hoover. And Herbert Hoover established the committee on zoning, and it was made up of prominent segregationists, planners, who in other who in the cities they came from had designed racially designated zones but understooding the Supreme Court now prohibited it, came up with the idea of Economic Zones as a way of keeping out africanamericans. And they published a p