So this is more than just a friend of mine because this is a very significant piece of history. Select this book provides is a perspective that highlights the men and women who dedicate themselves to push a the elements of specs a Space Exploration and in doing so to survey programs and technology and medical aspect to make all possible a one to pull all of this in not just with john glenn so now the interesting thing that it spans the period 1783 through the present. How does this rate to Space Exploration but also reveals three definitions of space. So the definitions of space because and back in 1783 they were able to build the first balloon so for the very first time in 1783 and effectively in space. And for them space was off the ground. They will 1,000 feet on the very first flight that would have a hard time doing better on my first flight. But about 1920 are 30 her is it much a beating your at the mercy with a hot air helium or hydrogen and work of the ballast to go up and down and 78331828 they got the surface of the earth was then restarted to go higher and higher and into the stratosphere and when we did that we discovered it to reacted adversely to altitude one of the first aspect shoe encounter is temperatures of the temperature goes down 31 2 degrees every 1,000 feet if it is a nice sunny warm day here if hell get on the tram is 5,000 feet above albuquerque so five times three by five it is 17. 5 degrees cooler and deal can feel that. How many have been there . You have got to do with. And team changing temperature. And those folks realize oxygen although the same percentage which is 20 because of the pressure going down your body absorbs less oxygen it isnt the same transfer it into your blood so that is a problem. And then of course, pressure because it should go up an altitude up pressure decreases 1 inch per 1,000 feet. So i put in 30 million liters ml per 1,000 feet so that is the second definition where the body is reacting adversely and you have to be aware of that. When you gatt as 63,000 feet the pressure is about 47 millimeters of mercury so that is very slight pressure compared to standard with that imbalance in the body and because blood is made mostly of water at sea level it boils at 212 degrees at 63,000 feet it boils at your body temperature. 98. Six your blood will boil and turn into vapor so you the pressurized environment like a pressurized space suit. That is the aeromedical surgeon. The armstrong limits. That we need day pressurized environment dont hesitate to ask so that official definition that we are talking about 100 kilometers or 62 miles that was created after the space age began to identify a the records for space travel and which was actually in 1905 when the airplane started to fly to have a regulating body that would determine to validate the records. After the space age began had to come up with the official definition space the third definition working out at 62 miles so he sees the number you are in the official los base. Now the spaceport is down here and hopefully in a few more years there are some private enterprises that will start taking people on rides you can hear that in their reporting because day half to go for them to be considered. Who is the picture of . , glad you asked. Jumping now the of the helium balloon at 1002000 feet in 1961 is a long way up there. [inaudible conversations] jesse and have a reference there is 28 chapters in the book but it is interesting to see him jumping now. With this other box that has his equipment so that is that instrumentation. Nick could be used for other sanitary things and he is still with us by the way but is just as cocky as he was back in an era. H. G. Wells said you may remember him because he is the author of four of the worlds and wrote that in the late 1800s about the invasion from mars which is kind of amazing for that period of time but the first one to use the term our space that has taken on the ominous connotation so three definitions of space so the book examines the role of Science Fiction and because it played an important part with the exploration in space the sciencefiction writers excited the imagination of young people around the world and got them interested and looking at the problems still lot of those early inventors all read these Science Fiction authors and were motivated and many of these early inventors became members in the late twenties that was the place to be to get together and talk about and experimenting leading into engineering advances the that arad coming out of world war ii because one of these early inventories most of the innovation working with the nazis and i will say more about him later. So in addition to the Science Fiction writers in the engineering deviances also with space medicine in the coming of age in the late forties and fifties was was this gentleman right here at the Airforce Base writing a the rockets lead. Into a document his ride as 600 miles an hour. Most of you get a big enough row at 80 miles an hour. Of course, we all know about love was who was deeply involved selecting the astronauts in the 50s and 60s. This is the rocket engine to go to those engineering to produce 50,000 pounds of thrust which was a phenomenal number had you get those propellants into a chamber so like those regenerative cooling and those turbo pumps all part of what they came up with during that period. All to believe that god into the United States as well as the soviet union. So that is a Historical Perspective perhaps because i have lived through most of this. Just before they launched the first satellite astronauts went into space i was so a deep i still have boxes full of magazine articles and im trying to figure out what to do but it is interesting to go back and i still get excited but this is a very concise read of the political impact there are several chapters that shows house but it changed the way people thought and legislation during that period of time. This is known as the great space race. And that went from 1957 from when sputnik launched through july 19609. Most people will accept that as the end of the space race because the soviets were unable to keep up. The book also rose shows how the various spacecraft along though way from apollo in the Space Shuttle how they are in jeered with the rockets that were involved. The selection of the first astronauts and some of the work with the excitement of those first flights as i tried to recreate these defense in but got me so excited i tried to bring bad excitement to my reader. Of course the commitment to land a man on the moon was great to was a commitment of kennedy to have 15 minutes of the experience with alan shepard so i did a lot of Research Even after the commitment was made. There were scientist coming to new kennedy and his science adviser to say we dont take you can do this. That was a difficult thing to handle but he did very well. This wessel a the headline newspaper articles and it is interesting to use the that confidence that the soviets that were supposed to be a backward nation in the fifties could launch the first satellite what does that tell you about the ability . Capital is what does that tell you about that capital . This one is really interesting. One of the biggest myths perpetrated the reason the soviets had taken in their population to make scientist out of them that every person had the ability to get a good education that was the very thin strata a good intellect in motivation but not a broad spectrum. Those who are still arguing farming and not education but 15 years after this occurred with a great turmoil with our Public Education system the s. A. T. Scores of as a teen years dropped 15 points. Interesting. After the great space race we try to make it more affordable in doing so we created what could be reused but in doing so we identified and had to compromise factors related to use safety because nasa cannot effectively manage the risk that a bureaucratic level not technical level because the tragedies that occurred in the Shuttle Program challenger and columbia was not a result of the liquid Hydrogen Engines are the computerized profiles but the rubber orings the things that are very common and should not have caused the demise of those astronauts. The course this raise the possibility of getting private enterprise into the space business. With those firms like speesix spacex after they launched the second stage and then the other president s but then may and and then d. C. Private enterprise. Well be have affirmative presence in space . The iss is scheduled to be decommissioned in 2020 for 20 24 7 what will happen . I want to talk about my personal effort to create the book 633 pages you say that is the big book but more impressive was to attend thousand words that is 1. 2 million keystrokes with these two fingers. Because i am not a touch typist. Can you imagine sitting at a computer randomly hitting the keys 1. 2 million times . I wanted this to be readable for the average person of a highschool education i wanted negative reading level to be no greater than 12th grade so this came right off the screen when you develop or input document at the end of a spell check you have the option looking at those is in the words per sentence so the longer sentences and the more complex paragraphs the more involved of the reading level. But i grabbed 3,000 words out of the book iran the index and that is what i came up at High School Level senior. An interesting point in your times is river between the sixth and eighth grade level. 194 illustrations. But the publisher did not want the same thing they did not want a bunch of pictures. And neither did i. I wanted to get more detail the of the engineering innovations i am talking about. One of the things i needed were the line drawings. To use the microsoft word feature if you have never used it is very impressive. And unfortunately and how good you can make something. And another thing. Astronautics has been used as a college text and in dealing with some of publisher they wanted to be available as a text with those kinds of features. As we get to a phrase or a word into the average person may not be much. In those that have the sidebars so as they read through the text and without having to stop and analyze and then to pick up at sidebar there is about 60 of these throughout the book. Total lit to about 5,000 hours and 40 years and started around because they dont even remember when. In a given year the average person working 40 hours but there is only two 1 2 years ever scattered yes there is a significant effort when youre able to do other things i could make the bed and vacuum the upstairs. So you want to have a life in order to have a wife. They give you some idea of the effort so now talk about finding a publisher. Now i will get a little bit of water. I had to publishers and was working with. They went at of business after 2008 decline in our e economy. And the ability to have a publisher is nonexistent. So the first paying i discovered to be interested in space books. If you have a heritage of radiation in space with the diversity of of florida they came back very strong and the interesting thing is they are not going to publish anything. To verify the accuracy of my work for fortunately i had to have Three Friends i cultivated over the years one is a graduate of the air force academy so you cannot get more significant of a person working under side. And as a former flight controller and for the third person they find new through Civil Air Patrol and spr and does puerto rico so those were my three individuals. Very and in particular she where she was going with this. And validating with those historical aspects. So once you gave that credibility that is when they really get turned on. You are a salable commodity. You dont have the product out the door yet you have to edit it and and illustrating and the index. I had some pretty good editors in one of them this year. But the diversity of press of florida that is impressive that is the installment of confidence so we went back and forth with email she died just before before, lazore periods but for understanding. It did not quite jive. And that was wonderful and that is this template of a typical reader and with a total of 6,000 problems with 600 pages that is only 10 per page. [laughter] that gives you some idea of the effort. So with those illustrations so to select those that give you the best brand image that is the last thing we did and word has a great indexing feature not the final design manuscript so what i had to do was take my manuscript based of what the final book word of lookalike but then you are only half done you have to correct a lot of these entries to figure out how he will group them. There are 900 entries in the index. Fifteen or 16 pages so then there is a lot more going into creating the book so now we have a little bit of time will ask several love you to select these topics to read one of these injuries to give you a feel of my style i will give you a second to look through their. Walt disney. I did that with the one of the first races. Here are probably wondering how dry fact factor this into human space flight . But to do called dizzy have to do on browns arrival due page 118 and use my cheaters because the light is not that good. I already gave you some background with that rocketry then getting into a Rocket Society and then chosen by the nazis to head up their Rocket Program that went into world war two. A mars project as the novel was called was an insightful look into what could be achieved if or when mankind decided to travel beyond the gravitational balance of the earth. The expedition i contended that eacis intended ofeach weighing d operated by 79 making the trip in formation the flotilla carryin. All the provisions to be selfsufficient for more than two and a half years does this not sound like magellan. Following publication, bob brown joined with Cornelius Ryan that may also be familiar to some of you of my age. They appeared in five installments in 1952 to 1954. Coupled with their own creative imagination and he did some beautiful paintings by the way they were revealed into depicted places. So that is the von braun part of it. The man who made mickey mouse in 1954 he was able to round out a weekly tv series called the Wonderful World of disney with segments that would highlight man and space and in collaboration with bob brown they brought together the imaginary imaginations. They were viewed as being critical to getting the ideas before the public and especially the first 1955 president eisenhower is reported to have requested a copy. That is where disney came into this and his shows were very motivational and there were congressmen that the patient be going there. Another selection. March 1961 we were working with the mercury redstone on the trajectory because th the apples that was going to put men in orbit wasnt quite ready yet. They were ready to fly in astronauts but the ground rules dictated that at least one fullscale rehearsal covering had to be successful. In old boilerplate was brought out and refurbished. It was the rocket designation for the flu the nearperfect trajectory would carry astronauts and the following day the soviets flew their last unmanned test and even hollywood couldnt have scripted and exciting cliffhanger to see who would be the first into space 1961 moved on to the calendar. When they were awakened from a sound sleep at the house and the secret drone in the soviet union it was the same occupied before his untimely demise the previous october. They were placed as between the matchers to confirm the slumber to the doctors that were hovering over their every move. After a breakfast of me taste marmalade and coffee they underwent a brief medical exam that dawned a blue pressure suit with an orange jumpsuit and the two selected from a shortlist of six had to pass the final approval of both. They only received for being the first cosmonaut four days before and was told the following day they were prepared to assume the primary role up to the moment of launch should anything be done before completing the preparations. This has been a favorite choice of the Selection Committee as an easygoing personality and intellect complemented the commitment to focus the task at hand. He also saw to it because i decided the party since he was from a workingclass family having grown up on the collective farm, was a devout atheist and his background was russian. Following a ride to the van to the launch pad they would redefine the officials reportedly spent the night himself had concerns fo concerte reliability of the other states of the rocket and at the base of the infrastructure to one side they parted taking the elevator to the top level and a waiting spacecraft returning to the transport ban they had been just two days earlier it was t. Minus 120 minutes although this was technical Party Officials had been concerned for any signs that the stress of the momentous occasion might be too much for the 26yearold however he was quite composed considering the history making then of which he was the center but it continued to be removed and reinstalled. He was the first to ride the fire into the cosmos and of the experience and sound of vibration and the first for the full measure. He went into orbit about 155 to 250 miles. I knew walt disney was going to be there. Its difficult to predict the future. When i do talk a bit about returning perhaps visiting my favorite of course is going to mars. So this chapter is four or five pages in generalities. I dedicated this to the visionaries of past, the engineers, flight controls and technicians that made it happen and those that risked it all to be a part of the greatest of all human endeavors. And i thank you for being here this evening. [applause] yes sir. They wer were along the were a g to get their version of the story to fly and they had four attempts but each time it ended in a disaster. They did that very successfully but they brought back about 16 grams of the moon compared to about 500 pounds of lunar soil and of course we spent about 24 billion doing it and they spent about half of that but when you look at the economy that was a big drain on their economy in that era. Good question. Thank you. What dont you come appearing to talk about this. [inaudible] one graphic aspect of his balloon flight flies as he got up to about 50,000 feet he realized his left was not pressurizing. So his hand started swelling up and of course the proper response would have been fo