Experts. To my mind, professor knock has done more than anyone to tell us what Woodrow Wilson had to deal with, the history and me moment of Woodrow Wilson, to tell us what Woodrow Wilson confronted and how and the development of his own thinking in the world he lived inch professor tony smith has done more than anything to tell us why this matters. Frankly, every president since wilson not a question for them of whether or not they are wilsonian but rather much. In fact the question that an nateed Woodrow Wilson, promotion of democracy, guides American Foreign policy and might say haunt American Foreign policy. What Woodrow Wilson said helps drive america today. Which i why i am particularly pleased to have the author of this book why will son matters is a darn good book to come here and explain it to us and then buy your own copy. So without further adieu, professor something i, the under is yours. I think everything is working. I think jeff said kind of introduced me in a way that introduced my family, who im happy to see here tonight. My sister and i grew up in Richland Hills in heart of the metroplex, and my friend karen thrasherjones, who is here, used to go with me to louans where we were the champions of the north texas push. That was some time doing since they closed in 1970 but im sure unable karen and i were horrified because we were, too, but we thought the they were calling attention to a widespread problem here in dallas. All right around here and im glued to see a few of you know these places. Well, ive known tom for a long time, tom knox. Jim, who is a professor in Political Science and head of the John Tower Center for political studies, is someone ive has known for a very long time. Im glad to see him here. And then to meet jeff ingle is a real treat, since ive heard about him for a long time, and i saw that there was a reference to a book he and tom have just published, which i might as well tout myself for you. It sounds really interesting. Im waiting for my copy. When life strikes the president scandaling are death and illness in the white house. I noticed neither the bush president s in it, nor is jimmy carter. Guess there were a few people who were immune but going to be a wonderful book. Those who watch cbs news may see when charlie rose says, your world today in 90 seconds, i have to give you wilsons world this evening in 2,400 seconds which is 40 minutes which is where we should keep ourself to if i can. This is an excellent time to be discussing Woodrow Wilson. April 6 is the centennial of the declaration of war against germany. The result of which was that an army of by the dumb of 1918, 1. 8 million american soldiers were in europe, 126,000 died, 204,000 were wounded. This pales in comparison with european losses. Something like 11 million young europeans lost their lives, not to speak of 27 million others, including ottomans who died. But the bottom line on this was that despite the fact that our losses relative to the europeans were slight, the american contribution was decisive. Its quite possible the germans would have won the war had the United States not intervened when it did, and how it did. The result was to make Woodrow Wilson the presiding figure at the peace conference that opened in paris early in 1919, and finally, the person who was most responsible for the creation of the league of nations in april of 1919, the covenant announced in april of 1919. So exwere in for two years of centennials. April 2017, april 2019, passing by what was called the armistice but what was a german surrender in november of 1918. Well, this war left huge marks on the 20th century. In fact, most historians give it more weight than the second world war, however, near and more horrific that may seem to us. The reason is it unleashed several forces. The bolshevik resolution the most obvious, but in response the rise of fascism in italy and especially nazi germany. After that we can shift our gaze to the world that was under the domination of western imperialism and most notably china. This was the beginning of the rise really of what was later called third world nationalist revolutionary movements. The impact of these three forces is still felt with us today, but in a way communism and fascism are more or less dead ideologies. The one thing that is less commonly brought up is wilsonianism. The reason it is important is it still with us today and has been with is ever since fdr entered the white house in 1933, particularly since the german invasion of poland in 1939. Fdr was close to wilson and his secretary of state, cordell hull, was in fact even much, much closer. So, the transposition of wilsonian thinking into American Foreign policy came about very easily with the outbreak of world war ii. All this said, not much is known or appreciated about Woodrow Wilson. In fact, i would say he is, if not perhaps can win as most important president who is forgot or disliked. He was disclimbed by people who opposed the war and he repaid the favor by punishing him. The landscape was shocked by his repression of dissidents to the war, people he labeled dissidents, people who he called the hyphens, mainly germanamericans, who were opposed but also irish americans who were opposed to the war. People who were socialists, pacifists, whom he imprisoned or allowed vigilante groups to take out after. And then africanamericans, who were treated a very badly indeed. Theres a threepart pbs series going on now about world war ii in many way is dont think its particularly good but what is particularly good is the way it focuses on the crackdown of wilson on these people or his disregard as with the africanamericans. The dislike of wilson, though, continued far past the war itself. The United States did not enter the league of nations by a vote in the senate in march of 1920, confirm later, and it was solidly rejected also by the American Public in the president ial election of november that year, when a republican was returned to the white house, the first of three republicans, hard, coolidge and hoover. Only when fdr came back that wilson came into office that wilson began to be remembered, but even at that time, he was despised by the intellectual elite. Walter litman, hence mortgagen that. George kennan. The list go coo go on and on help was also disliked by, as time win on, the left in the United States. They saw him as a person who actually was talking about peace and democracy as a front for pressing American Economic interests abroad with a strong military. In other words, this was kind of a marxist approach that was widespread in american universities in the 1960s, particularly into the 1970s. But the right didnt like him either. The right depend like him because he was for strong government and because he well, if were a realist, he seem to idealistic and too much of a moralist. The bottom line on this was that wilson was simply not appreciated and recently has been opposed by africanamerican froms. Those who have followed black lives matter may know that there were occupations at princeton where wilson was a student and a professor and then president , until early in the 20th century. He was no politics. He didnt like to call it Political Science so it was politics. At any rate, black lives matter asked the legitimate question. Is wilsons most famous statement was that he wanted to make the world safe for democracy, why didnt he make the world safe for democracy in america for starts . Okay. And that leads up to something that jim reminded me. My become is entitle why wilson matters. Believe it or not Princeton University press contacted me and said, can you change the title . Were going to be occupied if you leave a title like that in. I thought, why is it going to be occupied . Bus its too positive. Change it to Something Like does wilson matter . . So i have some explaining to do, i think. The explanations good to a book i published in 1994. Again with princeton, called Americas Mission the United States and the worldwide struggle of democracy. What thats book produced was the idea was thats cold war had been won essentially not thanks to our military power and our economic power alone, much as this was true, but also because the contest between liberal internationalism and parole the had been one by the liberal interagist us. Liberal internationallallism is a polite item for wilsonian, so nobody liked wilson, so this was a camouflage phrase for him. I opinion point out what won the cold war is a combination of things. I asked i dont know how many of you picked it up that the there be a flier distributed this evening that the opening, and the first of these the first point on this flier is what i called the virtuous diamond of liberal internationalism. A combination of democracy, multilateralism, economic openness, and American Leadership. The four together resulting in either a regional or a International Zone of peace. The great liberal promise that takes us back actually to the enlightenment. People didnt want to recognize that this was wilsonian. What did this have to do with Woodrow Wilson . He didnt leave a very good record that was coherent of his thinking in 19181919, largely because he had a terrible stroke. He had series of strokes since he was a young man and fortunately was not able to finish his philosophy of politics. 20 pages were written. At any rate, what tried to do was to reestablish what wilson might have said had wilson been able to put together the pieces of the puzzle as the puzzle lay before him in 19181919, the answer is to look at his analysis of germany. Germany for him was a malignant country, and it was malignant for a combination of reasons. It authoritarian. It was militaristic, it whereas imperialist, it was protectionist, and as a result of all thats things it thought in balance of power terms. When you put all this together, you have what he called the perfect flower of war. Now, the important thing to keep in mind here is that not all authoritarian governments are necessarily for wilson malignant. Germany, however, was capable of putting all of this together, although he was careful to separate the german people from what he called the German Imperial government. So that when the United States declared war on germany, the United States declared war, not the government of the United States. Not against the german people but against the German Imperial government. At the government was at the origin of the problem. Now, if we look at the second citation on the handout that i have for you, you will see what is the most famous declaration that wilson ever made, when he asked the congress in early april of 1917 for a declaration of war, saying the world must be safe made safe for democracy. Its pause most presented upon at the tested foundations of political liberty. A steadfast concert for peace can never be maintained except Bay Partnership of democratic nations, no autocratic government could be trusted to keep faith within it or observe the covenantsment must be a league of honor and partner ship of opinion. Only free people can hold their purpose and honors steady to a common end and perform the interests of mankind to narrow interests of their own. Here, then, is the origin of the ideas that unlay the league. That it would come together predominantly as a group of democratic nations, but there was a slight problem in this. Ill get to that problem later. Let me switch back to the 1940s, jump ahead to the 1940s. The 1924s is the wilsonian decade, where we have the britainwood system which integrated the leading capitalist economies into a form of regulated capitalism that creates the greatest birth of gross and prosperity among these countries in world history. Some people say its late 19th 19th century with the british but i dont think statistics hold that up. Secondly, the gold standard, was the occupying of japan and germany, which converted these two highly authorize tarean countries into democracies and in the case of germany it mattered particularly because that allowed the Marshall Plan to look forward to the european union. It also set the framework for the north atlantic treaty organization, or nato, which was created in 49. You put all of these things together, some people would throw the u. N. In but i think thats less important and you get, again, the virtuous diamond. A place in and American Leadership is indispensable but the fact the United States is a democracy but its closest allies are democracies and theyre joined together in a collective military situation but they trade with each other and they do so through multinational networks of an extraordinary sort, never been seen in world history, but countries that are not acting under authoritarian orders to do this. This is really quite an accomplishment and completely fulfills that pratt was looking for, i think, in 1919. Now, the third quote here is an astonishing quote. It is a quote from gorbachev. 75 years after the United States declared war on germany, the cold war over, gorbachev came to the United States and he went to fulton, missouri, and there on the anniversary of Winston Churchills famous address in 1946, saying that a iron curtain was falling across europe, gorbachev, three years nearly three years after the fall of the berlin wall, declared that the end of the cold war was a victory for common sense, reason, democracy. U. N. Should creating stuck toward to impose sanctions and other means of couple pulse when rights of minority groups especially are being violated. And went on to underscore the universality of human rights, accept the ability of internationaller phoenix wherever human rights are violated and democracy must prove that it can exist as the antithesis of to tall totalitarianism. On todays agenda is not just a union of democratic states but also a democratically organized world community. Thats really quite an extraordinary statement. Well, see if i can find where i am in my own notes here. During the 1990s, after my become crane out, i took my ball off the eye of what was going on with liberal internationalism. I got started writing the become on ethnic groups and foreign policy. Ethnicity and gender were all liberals are into that, and so the n1997 i was at the Wilson Center in washington in 1998 i was the council on foreign religiouses in new york, and i sort of missed what was going on in liberal International Relations theory during the 1990s. Finally my become came out with harvard in 2000, and i was giving book talks and right in the middle of it all, 9 11 happened. Following 9 11 came something really to me out of the blue, and that was the bush doctrine. I have the bush doctrine down here on im not going read all the bush doctrine. Dont worry. But we have got citations from the bush doctrine which are very meaningful. What they argue is something that at first in 2003 i wasnt quite clear what was going on. I knew that the language was wilsonian but there was something wrong about the accent. It was like going from i dont know texas to inning explained you understand what is being said but you dont quite understand theres something about it that is peculiar. Well, the bush doctrine said all the right things. If we go back to the virtuous diamond it was there democracy promotion, open markets, Cooperation Among allies, u. S. Leadership, world peace. And so in the fourth entry ive got here for your takeaway pages, i have the Opening Statement by george w. Bush, which is replete with these words, and then his final statement in the pursuit of our goals our first imperative is to clarify what we stand for. The United States must defend liberty and justice because these principles are right and true for all people everywhere. No nation owns these aspirations, and no nation is exempt from them. America must stand firmly for the nonnegotiable demand human digit it in, rule of law, limits on absolute power of the state, free speech, freedom of work, respect for private, religious tolerance, and the National Security of the out must start from these core beliefs and look outward for possibilities to expand liberty. This is liberal internationalism. But its also not traditional liberal internationalism. What im going to argue is that it differs in fundmental ways from the way liberal internationalism was thought another by wilson and during the cold war period. What had happened i will try to go through this quickly because its very complicated argument is that the Political Science establishment in the United States in the im no longer in at the good graces i used to be, began to conceptualized three ideas of amazing force. The first was called Democratic Peace theory. If democracy spreads, peace will spread. Look at the european union. The second was democratic transition theory. That all countries can become democracies. The transition from authoritarianism to democracy isnt that difficult. Look walt we did for germany japan . We can do it anywhere. The third idea was that since the desirable peace is possible through democracy, theres the responsibility to protect, a new justice war doct