Member of the department of history here at uva and was also dean of arts and sciences here at uva. Hes the incoming president of the organization of american historians, which is the biggest professional organization for people who do what most of us do in our scholarly lives. He is now a historian of both the American South and the civil war. He, as with everyone else that you have heard today, has published very widely. I will mention just three of his books again. Thats my rule. Promise of a new south life after reconstruction, which was a major examination of the post civil war south. Second title is in the presence of mine enemies, war in the heart of america, 18591863. Theres a sequel to that book. I will not read the title because it is not out yet. The third one is what caused the civil war, reflections on the south and other history. The lastrnoon, and has slot of the day when we have been here a long time, and he will explore how the valley allows us to engage with some of the larger themes of the war. Ed ayers. [applause] mr. Ayers thanks, gary, and thanks to all of you, and i hope youve been down in Copious Amounts of coffee in the back. I was at uva for 27 years, and the work im talking to you about now began well before this when the library was here in the valley of the shadow project, and i will always be very grateful to uva not only for helping to allow that to be created for sustaining it and all the years that i have been gone. Do not believe anything im saying today, you can go see all the primary sources for yourself not right now. When we are done. [laughter] because im not really adding much to it. Try to showt to that much of what we think of as being important you can actually see in the valley. The valley experienced National Drama from beginning to in. As gary just showed us, after the end. Tens of thousands of soldiers searched on towns. Fields and towns burned while sons and fathers died on the battlefield. Hundreds of thousands of miles away, people risk their lives to escape slavery. Courthouses and towns squares surged with rallies and speeches. All these things happened right over the mountain in the valley. These profound changes were profoundly unlikely. Deep into the war, Many Americans on both sides did not foresee the Unconditional Surrender of the confederacy, a wealthy and enormous territory fully mobilized for war. The immediate complete and uncompensated destruction of the largest and most powerful system of slavery in the modern world had seemed impossible just a few years before it came to pass. The valley embodied all these changes, and more than that, the valley actually helped his changes take place. It was the site where things happened, that moved all of americas history. Virginia, of course, had been essentially important. Even as federal armies won victories across the rest of the , victories in 1863 over the federal army of fredericksburg further elevated leads army in the eyes of northern, southern, and foreign press, and a great invasion of consulting you by lee in the battle of gettysburg that halted that progress still did not destroy lees army. They watched each other warily throughout the fall and winter of 18631864, and people in both the north and south believed 1864 would bring the culmination finally of the war, and that is where i want to pick up this story. The people of the United States had reason to be hopeful in spring of 1864 were it seemed so much of the confederacy had been overrun that the revelation would be unable to sustain its army for much longer. Federal forces controlled the rivers, the ports, the coast, the western part of the confederacy had been cut off from the eastern. The others out cut off from the lower. Black people now labor for the benefit of the union and of themselves from the river valley to the less lowlands of South Carolina to the rich farmlands of east tennessee, but the white people of the confederacy had their own reasons to believe that 1864 would bring the wars end but with a different outcome. They had only to hold off the United States army long enough for the north to lose heart, admit that the south could not be conquered and renounce lincoln in the president ial election of 1864. If the Confederate Army could hold on through the spring and northern voters, judging that they had sacrificed enough of their sons and brothers and others would negotiate a peace. As a result, the fate of slavery might still be determined in 1864. Three Million People still labored in slavery beyond the reach of the United States army in 1864. While slavery had unraveled everywhere, enslave people had a chance to seize freedom, the institution remained intact and still helped feed the Confederate Army and civilian population. While the policies of lincoln had made slavery essential central purpose of the war, only determinetself, would how and when the nations long history slavery might end. Freedom for black americans truncated or compromised or slowed or even halted, so even though people like to imagine gettysburg is the turning point of the war and its all downhill from there, thats just not the case. More men died after gettysburg than before. Thanch remained at stake before. Everyone awaited the culminating battle between grant and lee. Grant with momentous victories at nashville and vicksburg and in virginiaarrived and marched to take over command of all United States forces and traveled army of the potomac. He would try to do what no Union General had been able to do in three years of desperate fighting destroy the army of Northern Virginia. Lee, for his part, welcomed the chance to confront threat in a culminating battle while the Confederate Army still was strong. In fact, the armies needed, each for its own reasons, to fight as soon as possible. Lee and his staff had struggled throughout the long winter to feed and arm their soldiers, had watched the desertion. By spring, however, most of the men who had left their units to visit home had returned and lee commanded a veteran army of over 65 thousand men. The army of Northern Virginia had rarely lost over the preceding three years, and officers and soldiers had persuaded themselves that even the defeat at gettysburg had been a temporary setback. The confederate command structure was stable, experienced, and competent, but the United States was also ready. It had amassed an even larger army than lees and could draw on virtually unlimited supplies of food and arms. Cards flatat cars freely traveled on the harbors and rivers of the virginia coast. Everyone from Abraham Lincoln to the privates in the field had confidence that grant, given his record and resources, would soon be able to defeat lee and the rebellion would end. Everybody knew that in this titanic struggle, the valley of virginia would play a Critical Role, and it had played a Critical Role in every stage of , ashis point in the war battlefield, supply base, route of invasion, and people knew it would do so again. The army that controlled the valley would control much of virginia and the fate of the nation. The Shenandoah Valley would was both in the center of some and sometimes on its western border. The valley had also seen various forms of guerrilla, partisan, and irregular conflict. This is one thing to think about. The valley had all the different kinds of warfare that we see in the civil war. Ofnton feels the suffering the first battles of the Overland Campaign with terrible immediacy. Remember the map that was on the screen cap it is 100 miles by rail from richmond to stanton threw the longest railroad tunnel in the world at the time. The campaign as train loans train loads of wounded men rolled into the town , the hospitals and hotels and churches and homes of stanton having slowly emptied of Wounded Soldiers from gettysburg the preceding summer. Turnpikesed the valley and plant from the beginning the way the wounded would be brought. Ack into virginia stanton was the kind of Gathering Place where they would be gathered and then sent to richmond. Now the buildings filled again with dying men, many of them from the valley. The fifth and 52nd. You can read the newspapers, all s of the soldiers in the terrible injuries they had suffered, but soon the valley would be swept up in a more direct way. Maps bye some of the gary is going to tell you about in the new book. The cursor disappears when it goes down there. I dont know where that goes. It. Y just have to on that does not do it. Perhaps you can help me. Call this up,to and i will figure out how to do this. Heres the thing if we is not ahat the valley series of battles like pearls on a string, which is so often the way we think about these rings, as isolated from one another, and its on the screen now i see, so thank you very much. As it turns out, its not the map i wanted to start with. [laughter] you anrs this gives overview of what the situation is. Where theray area is campaign is being waged. You see now it is around fredericksburg. You see most of the confederacy there suitably gray, and you as one ofhat grant, the strategies he has to take virginia is to take the valley. What you see here is franz sigel coming up the valley. You also see breckenridge coming northward in the valley, and after lee says i guess were done with the valley, why dont you come on back to me, thats why that pattern shows what it does. They are leaving afterward, but that is not the end of the story, of course. After sigel is removed and hunter is put into place, his charge is to take the rest of the valley, so he takes over, and his goal is to take stanton, which is absolutely central to everything that they are trying to do because you can see the Virginia Central railroad, but it is also because the mountains are you both with Union Soldier armies over here, but with also all kinds of irregulars, who are constantly threatening the , so hunter is really worried about coming through the valley, being threatened by mosby. But theres also guerrillas all throughout the valley. He comes and fights the largest battle in the Shenandoah Valley, larger than any Stonewall Jackson was ever involved in, battle of piedmont, and one sunday afternoon, i told my longsuffering wife, lets go see this, im writing about it, this lectern is is that you have to find the gps coordinates to get to. Buts just pulling over, this is a major battle, and im showing you because this is my whole approach to all this. Unless we understand all the other things going on at the same time in the valley, we cannot understand what is going on in the valley. It is all tied into the gravitational pull from this, and you are seeing how central the railroads are. Theres not a railroad that runs up and down the valley, ironically, but they are cutting into it from the east and west. Breckenridge is making his way up trying to defend stanton. They do at piedmont. It is a union victory. One of my characters down there where im from, grumble jones, as he is an affectionately known lead forn, gets to maybe an hour before he is killed, and then taken back down to southWest Virginia down near valleyut after this, the is a whole different situation. What you see in all this is that it civil war as we imagine not as a series of disconnected battles, but if we pull the it is all about connections. It is about a vast expanse, about railroads, guerrillas, the personalities of people being a failure and hunter being a great risk. Not a failure yet, but its also about luck and vision and longing for vengeance. To understand the civil war, you had to have all of these things happening all the time. We cannot just hold something constant while we deal with this part of it. We have to find ways to weave them together. After hunter marches into stanton, and they say finally, the great stronghold of the valley has fallen. The place that has been a citadel for the confederacy is now in union hands, and they walk in and say they saw the happiest sunflowers as they came in. But heres the way a stanton woman, a confederate describes what it was like when the Union Soldiers arrived. The First Federal troops came in from the west across the mountain. A party of 40 or 50 perhaps dismounted and rest in. Have you got any whiskey, flour, baking . The soldiers pushed into the house. One says come on, boys, we will find it all. The soldiers spread their way all over the house. They proceed to fill their sacks and pillowcases, scattering a large percent on the floor until it was nearly exhausted. As much as she hated to see she saved heren, fear in four different kind of searching. She said some went upstairs, opened every kind of trunk or drawer,opened every pretending to be looking for arms. She said they did not do anything to provoke them but did not disguise their sentiment. They went peeking under the bed looking for rebels, they said. The 12yearold said they are all rebels. The confrontations in stanton showed that soldiers on both sides allowed women and girls to they would never allow men or boys to say, and women frugally took advantage of that to make political statements and express contempt for the men going through their bonnets. Soldiers and officers proclaim themselves amused by these femaless, patronizing as a matter of course. On the other hand, they found in these words a reassuring justification for looting and destruction. They would have looted in any case, but the soldiers who were met with such content could they give themselves as attacking rebel households rather than defenseless civilian women. Later, the same conversation, he you dont want to say such mean things to me because you want me to go off and kill your brother, and she says she does not have a brother and if she did, she would want him to go off and shoot him. The presence of union and confederate armies also tested the relationship between in slave people and white people as no previous event had. Slavery had been disrupted and undermined for three years now, and yet, without an occupying United States force, enslaved people could find no local allies. Even if slaves became dislocated, there was nowhere to go. Theres a big mountain between you and richmond and the United States army, so its not clear what youre supposed to do if you are held in slavery. The farms and towns where enslaved people had labored had been one down, but white loss had not turned into black ring. The events of 1864 gave glimpses of what might lie ahead if the United States won the war, but the uncritical Union Presence left africanamericans and white residents alike unsure whom i control the town. If you are an enslaved person, . You show your hand when do you let it be known what you want to do . One Union Soldier noted what he considered self delusions among the slaveholders of the valley. The satisfaction of these people regarding their negroes is surprising. They seem to believe firmly that their negroes are so much attached to them that they will not leave them on any terms. But the soldier had seen the negroes take the first opportunity of a fine of running to our lines and giving information as to where their masters are hidden and conduct our foragers to their retreat. In this way, our supply of cattle has been kept up. Beyond that, negroes were continually running to us with information of all kinds, and theyre are the only person upon whose correct truth we can rely. That is another thing as we are thinking about the military history of the valley. You have to remember the active role of enslaved people. White southerners did not focus on this as much. They dwelled on stories of loyalty on the part of enslaved anyle, and they believed fleeing of enslaved people was the result of betrayal by federal soldiers. One woman wrote about a black woman who ran off though he had been nursed, by his mistress as tenderly as if he had been a brother. And she was always kind to him, as was his master and he would not find such treatment anywhere. What with these words mean if you were in slavery . Who was captured and who was overtaken . Its night its not clear what that would mean. White southerners studied the northern men who suddenly appeared in their midst to see what they really thought about lack people, looking for fanaticism or hypocrisy or conventional racism, and they found whatever they were looking for. One soldier disgusted with general hunter and the debacle of the retreat in West Virginia took time to record a scene that foretold many such scenes to follow. Lets look at this again. Joe referred to that. To give you a sense of the scale. That is the path of hunters retreat, ok . And it was just brutal. Time, the railroad, they talked about sometimes being tracked through the mud. That is how worn out the rails are, but still a lot faster than marching because they are able through all of this to kind of patch together and they had marchingt of the way because the tracks had been torn up between charlottesville and richmond. Had to march there to catch the train and make it to lynchburg. They play the band, stay up all night, make them march around creating the illusion that theres a lot more confederates than there are. He says that seems to be a lot of confederates. Ive got an idea lets flee through West Virginia. And why . To save the army. We cannot let this army be destroyed. And look how far we are from our supply line. Only one rag only one wagon train made it to hunter. Thats how much the guerrilla presence was. Hes not wrong. They literally ran out of ammunition. They are waiting, taking the time, doing things like burning down large parts of lexington and so forth, so the supply trance can keep up wi