The sitin movement and how that galvanizes the movement. It gets it really moving again by the late 1950s. Once again, it was College Students who get that movement rolling in 1960 and 1951. In 1960 and 1961. To the point where there are tens of thousands of people involved. We see that rolls over into freedom rights of 1961. We see that continuing, culminating on the march on washington in 1963. And the gigantic birmingham demonstration where there is the fantastic letter from the birmingham jail. What we are going to do today is take a step back. What is happening between 1961 and 1964 for sncc in particular. After it was created after the sit in movement, we know they were involved with the freedom rights at the end. We know they are wedded to nonviolent direct action, but what makes them do it . They will plan and execute one of the most ambitious civil rights call it a demonstration would not do it justice. One of the most incredible civil rights events of the era. They call it the mississippi summer project, but locally, it becomes known as freedom summer. We will see a large freedom summer in 1964 and another one in 1965 why freedom summer . What leads bob moses to focus so much on mississippi . Why mississippi . That is the focal point of the freedom summer effort. What was sncc doing leading up to 1964 and that summer that changed everything . Freedom summer is going to be a watershed moment for the Civil Rights Movement. Nothing will be the same after 1964. Everything is going to change. What leads them up to this point . After the freedom rides were over, the Kennedy Administration, particularly attorney general robert kennedy, really encouraged sncc to do Voter Registration. What i think the Kennedy Administration didnt realize was the group was really nothing more threatening to the white supremacist south than the voting registration of africanamericans. There is a large Voter Registration going. You have read the sources. You know africanamericans are outside of this system of the United States government. Think about it. Lets go back to james madison. What was the lesson we took away from madisons lynching of the heartland . Nathan. [inaudible] prof. Shrock there is a tremendous amount of violence that surrounds the Africanamerican Community. What was that about . [inaudible] prof. Shrock the rape of mary ball, right. Once again, White Supremacists feared its stoked by the specter of black men raping white women and all the changes that is going on in the early 20th century. We know that in marion there was this widespread notion that Law Enforcement was not doing enough and the White Community needed to step up and police those racial boundaries, because remember what is White Supremacy like in the north and the south . We see this through madisons book. Negotiate segregation even in northern states. Not typically talked about. How difficult it is from that book we see from community to community, the standards are different. Where you eat, sleep. How are you going to be treated. What happened to the professional nba players when they came to marion in the mid1960s . Bill russell was there. [inaudible] service,ere denied even so they were so famous that everyone knew them. Prof. Shrock they were given the keys to the city and went to get a hamburger that night and were denied service for a hamburger. We know this is the reality. We know the north and the south. In the north, africanamericans can vote. That is the distinction. In the south, they cannot and that is the symbol they decide to go after. It was not just mississippi. The Voter Registration project started in 1961. They went through 1963. A number of organizations are involved. Sncc, naacp, the urban league are all involved. It came from a grant. Sncc is staffed by people your age, young people. They went to one of the most dangerous, most challenging places they could find, and in 1961, that was the state of mississippi. You can see the sncc executive director james forman, a great picture of him in a southern jail. Why mississippi . You know why because you read anne moody. You know why mississippi. Mississippi is black, rural and poor. You can see the data. 1960, 68 of Mississippi Blacks live in rural areas as opposed to 39 of blacks outside the city. Nonwhite Family Income was 1444. The lowest in the country. 86 of all nonwhite families and mississippi were below the federal poverty line. 86 of every nonwhite family was below the poverty line. You can see in 1960, Mississippi Black median education, six years. Only 7 completed high school for africanamericans. Mississippi spent 21. 70 for black pupils, 81. 86 for white pupils. Mortality rate was 250 for black families as opposed to those outside of mississippi. The university of mississippi Professor James silver dubbed the state the closed society due to its incredible and almost monolithic support of segregation and protection of a system that denied africanamericans the right to vote. The voting restrictions we keep talking about. You know the history of vigilante violence in mississippi. Think about anne moody. Jump back to comingofage mississippi. What are some examples from that book of the vigilante violence against African Americans in this period . Throw it out. The emmett till murder. House burning. I think her friend jerry was beaten. Prof. Shrock he was supposedly making phone calls to white women. They beat him unconscious and left among the side of the road. That was a rumor, we dont know what happened to the family. We know the entire houses burned down. The rumor was it was white retribution for a black man sleeping with a white woman. A history of violence. What happened to anne moody when she started in the movement in 1961 and 1962 . Wasnt her family threatened . Prof. Shrock she could not go home. The sheriff knew she was there. Mom wrote letter after letter, do not come home. History of violence. As nathan pointed out, the case of emmett till. You read the data. This becomes a national sensation. 14yearold emmett till visiting from chicago, whistled at a white woman. Probably said hey baby. He was rude. By southern standards, by midwestern standards, definitely rude. Mississippi in the 1950s delivers a death sentence. Till in life and in death. That is why sncc chooses mississippi. They will chip away the white the edifice of White Supremacy. Look at the pictures. I just want you to look at the pictures. We have bob moses, sncc field secretary one of the most , important people to come to mississippi. Bob will lead efforts in mississippi through 1964. He is going to join with amzie moore, world war ii veteran, and they are going to start planning a Voter Registration drive in mississippi in 1961. What does this picture tell you . He was a veteran in world war ii. Why is that important . Nathan . Why is that important . Because the veterans were the ones that were really going for change because they thought why fight for change outside of the u. S. And then come back and still be prof. Shrock absolutely right. World war ii was the pace of speeds the pace of social change. We had some vets coming back who are not content to live in the jim crow south anymore. Moore was one of them. I love this picture, it illustrates the connection to world war ii, social change. Here we have an older activist joining with a younger activist. He was in the late 20s at the time. They join together to push for social change in the state of mississippi. We know this does not come easily. They start working well before the grant money comes. In fact, they start working to register voters in 1961. Herbert lee joins moses. September 25, 1961, Mississippi State legislator e. H. Hurst confronted lee, shot him in the head in broad daylight, killed him in front of dozens of witnesses. As you have seen time and time again, in the segregationist south in the 1950s and 1960s, he was completely exonerated. Black witnesses to the event were so afraid they were going to be killed, they lied. Lewis allen would eventually tell his story to organizers who bacon to come forward. He was so scared, he was planning on leaving mississippi and he was murdered the night before he left the state. Herbert lees widow at the funeral blamed bob moses for her husbands death. That might have stopped other people, but it does not ever stop sncc. They know the sacrifices of these people will hopefully lead to something. They officially opened their Voter RegistrationSchool August 7, 1962. In pike county. Immediately, the closed society response. They opened on august 7, three days later, shots were fired at someone trying to register to vote. As you know, because you read anne moody, the arrests begin by Law Enforcement beatings, intimidation from officials, police. White crowds threatening them, beating people trying to register to vote becomes the norm. Night riders attack Freedom Houses. Shoot up and burn offices and homes that support the Voter Registration drive. Sncc staffers, who are white and black, suffered from stress and beatings. Remember what anne moody said . She was under so much stress, she couldnt sleep, her hair was falling out. It felt that someone was choking her all the time. In 1963, the Voter Registration project did not continue funding discontinued funding for mississippi because and talked about this the checks stop , coming. The clearest result in the Voter Education project. Black voting in mississippi went from 5. 3 to 6. 7 that is it. That is what they got for two years of beatings and arrests, shootings and threats. On page 113, the struggle for black equality, this violence went unnoticed by the nation and unhindered by the federal government. Unnoticed by the nation. Unhindered by the federal government. A great picture of tom hayden getting beaten up in mississippi, trying to register voters. He went on to become famous infamous as a member of students for a democratic society. As an antiwar demonstrator during the vietnam war. How does bob moses respond . This is where we are going to pick up. Please go to page 157. Sitkoff, the struggle for black equality. Why does bob moses resurrect the council of federated organizations . Cofo. Becomes known as it becomes the Umbrella Group for freedom summer. Sncc provide all the staffing for it. Core is involved and the naacp is tangentially, but it is primarily a sncc operation. Why does bob moses bring it back . He becomes the main director but he was technically the codirector. What is moses trying to accomplish . Go ahead, caleb. He wants to prove that lacks do want to blacks do want to vote. Prof. Shrock that is right. How does he accomplish this . Nathan, go ahead. By a im pretty sure it was a false Voting Campaign to see how many people actually wanted to vote but couldnt anyway. Prof. Shrock how many people voted in the freedom election of 1963 . Just shout out the number. How many . 80,000 people voted. That is a clear demonstration that there are people in there are a few black folks in mississippi that want to vote. But, bob moses learned a really important lesson when he was working during the freedom election. At first, bob moses was opposed to bringing in white volunteers, but civil rights attorney Howard Loewenstein suggested the white volunteers be brought in. Some 60 students from yale and harvard who were white were brought in. What does this do for freedom election . What does moses realize happen s when those students from elite University Show up . It brings National Attention to the movement. What else . What does attention mean . Right, because who is there . Who is paying attention . Right. The media. Africanamericans have been disappearing in mississippi for years. Nobody paid attention in the national press. It was very frustrating for the Civil Rights Movement. Herbert lees death did not make the national press. When those students came down, bob moses saw the opportunity here. The press followed those students. With these lessons in mind, with all of the levels of violence we have seen in mississippi already that bob moses experiences for that bob moses has experienced for three years, moses decides that the way to try to crack mississippi was to bring in 1000 white, young, College Student volunteers to work on Voter Registration and other Civil Rights Activities in the summer of 1964. He proposes this plan to cofo. How do the members of cofo, primarily sncc and core that Staff Members how do they , respond initially to this request from moses to bring in 1000 young white volunteers . Caleb, what was their response . That is right. What would 1000 white volunteers do to the beloved community sncc created . You know their white people in sncc. Casey hayden was there. Bob zellner was there. Sncc had been founded with both blacks and whites in membership. Africanamericans had always been the majority. There was a concern that bringing in this many white volunteers with somehow significantly change and their fears were wellfounded because it has a Lasting Impact that cause significant structural change. Initially, the Staff Members vote no. This illustrates the important and the ability to convince his leaders that bob moses had. Because back and says and not interested in being a movement that is not interracial. He really pushes for this. Dave dennis will be chosen as his codirector. He was from cord. Where have we seen dave dennis . Nathan, where have we seen dave dennis . Hes in coming of age in mississippi. He was one of the core Staff Members in mississippi with anne moody. That is the dave she refers to constantly. David his wife. Dave dennis played a very Important Role and you have seen him already. He becomes codirector. They also get aaron henry to be the president. Henry had been associated with the Civil Rights Movement in mississippi for a long time. He was older, he was a pharmacist. He really represented a different strata that bob moses was trying to connect with to make freedom summer successful. Listen to what dave dennis said. It is on 159 in the middle of the second paragraph. They know that the threat of violence to these young people will bring Media Attention. Thats cold, but that was also in another sense speaking the language of the country. What we were trying to do was get a message over to the country so we spoke their language. We made sure we have the children of some very powerful people in this country over there. We didnt plan on any of this violence, but we wanted the country to respond to what was going on. Nathan . The presence of white volunteers would guarantee federal protection . Prof. Shrock that was the hope. It turns out it doesnt. But, it does get the attention of the federal government pretty dramatically. The amazing thing about all of this is as this is going on, as a backdrop some other , tremendous event that is happening in summer of 1964 and that is the signing of the Civil Rights Act, which in the long run, coupled with what will come a year later, the Voting Rights act, will fundamentally tear down jim crow segregation and voting restrictions in the south. But, when you are in the middle of the movement, you dont see its impact. Do you think the passage of the Civil Rights Act made civil rights workers feel safer . One ounce safer . It didnt change anything. They are still getting beat and threatened. That is the amazing backdrop of what is happening throughout freedom summer. But they know that bringing 1000 white volunteers is going to bring the media. They were 100 right. How does mississippi prepare for this invasion . Check out the bottom of page 159 and 160. What does mississippi do . How do they get ready for this invasion by outside agitators . Jessica, lets jump over to the other side. They set up a makeshift prison. Prof. Shrock that is right. They get ready. The state legislature doubles the highway patrol. We see a resurgence of the mississippi kkk. We know there were more than 60 crosses burned crosses were burned in more than 60 counties. Jackson expands their police force by a third, they purchase converts the fairgrounds into a prison. They purchase extra shotguns and tear gas. They purchase a six ton armored vehicle. Inn you see the volunteers mississippi you realize the amount of overkill we are talking about. The people invading mississippi are people just like you. Mississippi was preparing as if a horde of cuban communists were landing in mississippi. So the federal government wasnt aware . Prof. Shrock they were aware. Everybody was well aware of what was happening. The federal government was busy wishing it did not occur. J. Edgar hoover was busy assuring the Civil Rights Movement will not he was dubious about the Civil Rights Movement anyway. As we talked about he was busy , trying to undermine Martin Luther king, jr. By bugging his rooms and sending out letters to prominent senators that he was a communist. The fbi was pretty much actively trying to discredit king. The