Transform the modern world. When this Museum Opened in july every to back on display had recently been on the move. This was very much a museum of contemporary spaceflight and for most people, their first chance to see what had been lauded in 1960s and 70s during this heroic age of Space Exploration when humans first went off the planet into space and all the way to the main. When the United States and the soviet union began sending craft out to export the nearby planets. All of this was exciting and thrilling and people just flocked to the museum to see it. In the 40 years since the building opened, we have continued to acquire treasures of space history. We have about 17,000 artifacts related to space history. We have just over 1000 of them on display in our two locations here in the washington area. Then we have another 1500 on display in other museums around the world. In our tour today, we are going to look at some of the original artifacts that were the stars of the show when the national air and space Museum Opened. Were also going to look at artifacts from history that have been made. We will start our tour here with the lunar module. The icon for the landing on the main in july 1969. It actually has a companion spacecraft. The apollo command module. The command module, the Service Module and lunar module carried three astronauts. Module brought them back safely. Is an actualdule lunar module that never flew in space. It was intended to be used in an earth orbital test flight but the test was canceled as unnecessary as a nasa lunar module to the national air and space busy. It consists of two parts. Andbase which has the legs the engine and then the oddly shaped top which is the crew cabin. This was attached to the command module for the flights from earth to lunar orbits and once in lunar orbit, the two crew members who would descend to the aldrin, armstrong and fly into the lunar module separated from the command module where Michael Collins stayed to orbit the moon and began the descent down to the surface. This was a thrilling moment in history and almost everybody alive at this moment remembers where they were, whether there were watching it on television or if they were standing at an Appliance Store watching it on a television. People around the world stopped to watch the landing on the moon in the first steps of human beings on the moon. I will step off now. One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. Crew had climbed out and done some exploration close to the lunar module, collected some samples, taken some photographs, placed a u. S. Flag on the man, they went back onto the lunar module and this became the vehicle for the troop who trip home. Ascended back up into lunar orbit, rendezvoused with the command module, exited the lunar module and once they were secure inside the command module, reunited with Michael Collins, the lunar module was detached withill back to the moon an intentional crash on the moon because geologist and seismologist wanted to be able to track what kind of impact it made on the moon. For myspace historians point to view, this crash, the apollo command module in the lunar module are the icons of the space race along with the suits worn by the astronauts, men. On the moon. This symbolized july 16, 1999. In effect, one the space race. Thischildren look at spacecraft they say, that does not look like a spaceship. We tend to think that spacecraft are always streamlined and maybe they look like rockets more than anything else. An spacecraft has interesting design and is fairly primitive given the job that it had to do. It did not need to be streamlined on the outside because it was not going to operate in the atmosphere. It would only operate in the vacuum of space and would not be subject to strong gravitational field on the moon. It was actually fairly flimsy in some areas. The legs are strong, that amount for the rocket engine is strong. But the craft itself and the crew module, crew cabin were fairly spartan. Wo windows armstrong had command of the craft during the final descent to lincoln. Both were standing and fully suited. They pretty much filled the erior audio and that interior volume. It was designed with the purpose of planning given the crewneck said so they can spend a couple hours on the surface of the moon and then launching again along cargo tor precious demonstrate that they had been there and do have those first scientist to begin analyzing and better understanding the moon. Think thatamazing to the computing powder power required to send this craft to the moon and to program them for was donent and launch with barely can traded to fairly primitive measures. It is often said that the Computing Power we hold in our hands everyday with our smartphones is vastly more than it took to send people to the moon and back to it gives you a sense of the ingenuity of the engineers and that day. We have seen the iconic from the baroque age of spaceflight from the 1960s. Just beat away from it is that much more contemporary one. Craft, spaceship the first craft privately headed byby a company burt rutan. Spaceshipone was the first privately developed craft ever to be launched into space, return to earth and be launched again and return with a human on board. 2004,ng that in the year won a 10 million prize posted to encourage commercial development of spacecraft used for space tourism. Operates as the orbital craft. It does not going to orbit around the earth, but like alan shepard in 1961, it goes up, makes a loop into space and then glides back down to a landing like an airplane woodland. Would land. There is a mothership that if the transporter aircraft and spaceshipone stumbles up underneath it. The mothership flies it around in the atmosphere than it was released and after it is released, the rocket ignites and shoot straight up. Spaceshipone is a very innovative design and that has a hybrid rocket that is part liquid propelled and part solid,. Thoughhold three people it had only the pilot and some ballast to indicate the weight of two other people during the prize flight. It has a distinctive divine design. It has a configuration with the wings up at 50,000 feet. Down and it is very streamlined looking. As it shoots up into orbit and reaches the threshold of about 100 kilometers, the wings pivot up. That stabilizes the craft. The loop last about six minutes during which the pilot and passengers would be able to experience weightlessness. If they want to unbuckle their seatbelts, they would go out of their seats. They can look throughout the windows and get a wonderful view of the curvature and blackness of space. Descends, the feathered wings, what theyre called, the feathered wings stabilize the craft in the way that a badminton birdie is stabilized so the noble nose stays down. It also creates more drag. It does not need a bulky heat shield. Spaceshipone comes back into the atmosphere where theres enough aire so that it can fly so that i can fly. Downhole thing glides back to a landing on the desert or a runway. Craft is reminiscent of a race car. It is sleek and is aerodynamic sporty. Ooks and looks like the craft that a person who wants to go up into space for a quick look and a quick experience of weightlessness might want to climb in and go for a ride. Where this may go is to the next spaceship is a larger. Sichard branson, who operate and owns Virgin AtlanticAirways Partner with burt rutan and his company to do a larger version of spaceshipone. He has named it Virgin Galactic and it will hold 12 people and it is being developed for the express purpose of providing spaceflight to paying customers who want to have the expense of spaceflight. Experience of spaceflight. They dont have a set debut date. They had a setback from another test flight crashed. It is still out there on the horizon. Something likely to happen. Virgin galactic is by no means the only such company. There are other Companies Developing spacecraft for the same reason. We may be on the threshold of a new era of human spaceflight. Most of the spacecraft in the collection come from our space agency. Nasa is the principal donor and at the end of their need, the agency will transfer spacecraft, spacesuit and a great friday of other equipment to a museum so that it can be preserved and displayed and even used for research. Caseshipone is a different and that it came from private enterprise and so in this case, we worked directly with the owner, manufacturer, designer, burt rutan and gives paul allen, business partner, one of the cofounders of microsoft and if approached them them after the first flight in june of 2004, regardless of whether you win or not, we think spaceshipone deserves to be in the National Collection because it was the first privately developed spacecraft piloted by a human being to go into space and return. Notice the nozzle of the engine on the back, that is not damaged. Rather, that buckled in space during its first test flight when the engine ignited and the heat and force of the engine nozzle forckled the the second plate and third flight, different nozzle was used and they also made some corrections to the addition sequence so they did not have the buckling problem again. When we asked to have spaceshipone delivered to us for the National Collection, we asked to have a return to its original configuration from the first flight. The first flight was on the prizewinning flight, but it was the recordbreaking flight. Toy went to the trouble reinstall the dented engine nozzle on it. Skylab. Stop will be we will look at that because it was one of the original artifacts on display since before this Museum Opened. Skylab is so large that it was broadened the museum before the building was closed. Now im standing in front of a model of skylab that is as tall as i am. Absolutelyylab dwarfs the model and me. It reaches from the floor up into the sky. This is two stories tall. The United States first space station. Placed in orbit in 1973 and in ,3 and 74, 3 Different National nasa7374, three different astronaut groups spent time there. The whole point of the missions were to get some experience flipping and working in space. When the Apollo Program came to an end, there was still some hard work left over an afterthought, what can we do with this . We have developed this tremendous capability to launch spacecraft all the way to the moon. We still have a couple powerful rockets on hand. Can we repurpose them into Something Else . Said the decision reached was to take the third stage of the thentic rockets that howard spacecraft away from earth on a trajectory toward the main and turn that into a habitable miniature space station the crews could live in what they were getting the experience of living and working in space. The actual element that is behind me is the full cylinder that is marked by this band here. You can see from the image that it is two stories inside. They could live. In the missions to the moon and earth orbit, they had been in spacecraft that were essentially cockpits. They had no more room in them than a sports car but skylab was like having a house. They had rooms. There was a galley but they can prepare food and meet around the table, eat together. They were still eating out a but at tags and 10 cans, least it was more homelike and more sociable. They had sleeping quarters. Threettle punk areas little bunk area is about the size of cloth is. They had areas were they could retire to solitary time. And some sleep without being confined to the flight seat in a capsule. Most important, it had an actual bathroom. It has an actual toilet. Missions,ese permits previous missions, the astronauts were using plastic asked to collect their waste. Finallythe had a had a toilet. They had a sink for the can wash up and shave. It even had a shower which was seattially a tunnel like that it astronaut pulled up around him and then could use water from a sprayer inside the container. The trick after the shore was all the water had to be wiped enclosure. Y and they finally decided it was more trouble than it was worth. They would just take sponge baths. Theres also room to have an exercise bicycle and to have some experiment setup and then they had a huge attic above the living area for the extra supplies to be stored and a lot of the system elements were there. They couldig that run track around the perimeter of it and do tumbling around the perimeter. Acrossnning and tumbling. That was for fun, but they also used it for serious reasons as well. Testing out a jet backpack that might be used on spacewalks and they were able to operate that in the attic space that was so commodious. There was the remainder of the propellant tank and that became a big trashcan and they put the trash through the hats and it would go through the lower level. The orbital workshop was the largest part of the skylab. Above it, there was an airlock module that enables them to go this bignto Service Exhibit tory observatory which was a wonderful scientific facility attached to the orbital workshop and using the instruments friday of cameras and detectors on the apollo telescope mount, we got our first really detailed view of activity on the sun and we understood the first time how our sunour son is is. Moving all the time, it has holes and storms on it and it was an amazing thing to get this new information through the telescopes on skylab. See thethe top, one can docking ports for the apollo Service Module which was the shuttlecraft to bring the astronauts to skylab and bring them back home again. The pulsing is 22 seats in diameter. When you think of the ingenuity rocket,ng a stage of a which is basically a big fuel tank, into a home that people can live in and you can provide them with plumbing and comfort and room to move around, and , this to enjoy the view was a kind of turning point in our Space Program. Kylab was the test run the name 1950s and early 1960s and on, cleaners in the United States have foreseen and eventual space station. In fact, the original plans were to put a space station first and they go to the moon. The president can entity reversed that and decided to set the United States to the moon first as part of the cold war competition with the soviet union. In the back of everybodys mind, it was still a space station, to whatas the first cap now has become the International Space station. A huge new facility in the earths orbit this behemoth backup skylabhe space station. Place ready. Nasa build two of them in case they wanted to do to Skylab Missions they knew there is some hardware problem with the first skylab orbital workshop. We did make a modification to it. More ordinarily, we dont. Case, we cut a passage down a sortand laid ofhallway through the middle the living quarter some people can visit the museum, walk inside, cv living quarters, looking to the bathrooms and see a manikin at the table with some food out at the table. Bicycles are setup up. They can see that trash airlocks. And if they look up, they can be wowed by the amount of free space there is. I mentioned that skylab was occupied in 1973 and 74. The last crew to leave skylab attended up and put it into sleep mode with a view towards the future crew coming back. The nasa got very busy developing the shuttle. What happened to skylab . Over time, the orbit again to deteriorate somewhat. It started dropping lower and , and there was an early plan to use the Space Shuttle to go up and rendezvous with it and boosted backup. To hire out to two. The shuttle was not yet ready to fly. What happened is after the orbit diminished, nasa had to bring it back in a controlled reentry. In 1979, skylab was brought back down and straight into earths atmosphere like a major. It broke up over the indian ocean and a few pieces fell into parts of australia and were recovered. Fortunately, no one was hit. No injuries. No property damaged. Skylab because this was still new in 1976 when the museum open. People streamed in here by the millions. They were thrilled not only to see the old aircraft, but to see the new spacecraft to see what had been happening in space. Theyve had seen on the news and heard about. Skylab was one of the featured attractions. Skylab was about settling down in space. Throughout the 1960s, the impetus had been on hitting into space. To get into orbit. To get to the moon. Was one, ace race moonith the ladies on the , landings on the men, the u. S. And soviet space graham oon, u. S. And soviet Space Program began to shift gears. Ofelopment of a series spacebased and. There was a moment there in the early to mid back and 70s when soviet and u. S. Tensions abated somewhat and the two Space Programs, the two nations decided to do a cooperative entrance to space and that occurred in 1975. It was a rendezvous and docking and space of an apollo spacecraft of the United States. Historiclled as a handshake and space. Whento craft docked ocked, theafts d russian commander and u. S. Commander shook hands. There was hope that this would be good beginning of a new era in cooperation. Thaw in relations did not last very long. Throughout the letter 1970s and 80s, the u. S. Went on with developing the told and the soviets went on with. Evelopingstations it was not until the collapse of the union that another opportunity arose to have a cooperative relationship and space. At that point, the u. S. And their International Partners invited russia into partnership with International Space station. Since then, our activities in space have been carried out on a cooperative basis. Now we are in the moving beyond earth gallery. This is where retreat human spaceflight in the era of the Space Shuttle. Basically everything that is depicted happened since the Museum Opened in 1976. In that year, the first Space Shuttle enterprise m