On. The American Occupation troops floating in japan are to the north korean onslaught. Was the counter information by macarthur, the brilliant stabilizedoke that the situation it is interesting that some of the lsts were manned by japanese. Location was critical in for maintaining south korea the way it is as an ally today. Japan is important. It allowed us to fully deploy in the region and provide credibility for the United States. Thanks to the agreement in 1972, the uss navasota was able to do minesweeping. Do the math. Chip forward, deployed, you need to have three ships in your inventory. To accommodate the transit and maintenance cycles. Currently, we have 20 ships in the home Port Authority in japan. Two Additional Air carriers, eight additional amphibious ships, ate mine countermeasure ships and a dozen destroyers to meet the mission. These Forward Deployed ships need downtime for upkeep will stop when i was in navasota, i remember the quality of the work done at the shipyard. We were talking about some radio equipment and this Shipyard Worker told me, i could get this done for you isnt saidy important and it i yes. And he said, well i have a wedding tomorrow i could put off. I was impressed by the dedication and quality of work. It should be the midway. We Aircraft Carrier midway, stationed an aircraft in japan in 1974 that was 28yearsold. Thats carriers sister ship, the Franklin D Roosevelt was taken out of service. In the good care in hands of the in tokyo, ourards Naval Shipyard there, she was maintained in pristine condition and served in the western pacific for the next two decades. Ship and ourant efforts in the gulf wars and indian ocean. A forward presence. Dones to the work that was with her japan, she is now in san diego. Lmost a museum ship a testimony to the good work the us. Nese performed for also is the importance of japan as part of our strategy in bringing the japanese. War is aboute cold containing the soviet union and communism. As far as containing communism and asia, take a look at the scorecard. Not too good. Besides the soviet union, china, south korea, vietnam, laos, cambodia over the course of the falling underinto the coming his banner. Not too good. The 1950s, communism was monolithic. We have learned subsequently that i been his was not monolithic. Dr. Kissinger accomplished diplomacy but we failed in Southeast Asia in the 11year war. , we move to containment in the soviet union. To the manchurian border. Turn the 1980s, we had pretty and consideredip china as a strong ally versus the soviet union. As some of the challenges over the decades to execute the toicy, for the United States maintain a containment policy it was no easy matter. United may United States is an island nation. My former boss, James Holloway then third, said he had a meeting with secretary of defense harry brown and the carter administration. Of the soviet union in the 1970s. Brown argued we needed to pursue civility with the soviet union by achieving parity. For ourt he allies to even know the United States needed to control the high seas, the navy, on the sea denialwas as force. Union,r with the soviet not anoviet navy was option. Lets go to the next life. Ok. Going back to the 1950s, the Eisenhower Administration implemented a new look. The air force got a budget to build a be 57 b52 bomber. The navy wanted to play in the strategic integrated operations as detailed in fisa admiral jerry millers book. Put nuclearwe weapons aboard ballistic submarines. The mission of defending the motherland from nuclear bombs. Nuclear subs and combatants could go after our [indiscernible] ganwhile, the best in stata strategy was implemented. A general war at sea with the soviet union could go nuclear fast. The navasota, i served on a ship that had the slogan [ had a slogan the next war is on us. One of the challenges operating with the capability of the western pacific was the sensitivity in japan. Torch and only, i can neither was nor deny response fortunately, the i can neither confirm nor deny was ok with the japanese. Regarding comparisons with the cold war today, many have noted commonalities between the former soviet union and china with respect to naval forces. Both countries are continental and decisions of the soviets to put naval forces to the sea in the 1960s, they had , inexperiencedg officers to command. It followed the collision of a soviet destroyer with another ship in november, 1970. Ussr approached the United States with soviet safeties seem measures. Dangerous the type of behaviors. Low flight overpasses, bumpings, other harassments. Thegnizing the emergence of 1990s of the Chinese Service force, there were calls for u. S. China a in sea. It had negative connotations because it was signed by two superpowers as an effort to avoid world war iii. A major trade partner with newer social ties, indeed we had 300 thousand Chinese Students studying in the United States right now. You did not have that during the cold war with the soviet union. Ofilitary consultant agreement was signed which facilitates the annual discussion of maritime issues. And initially lacked some of the issues. Over time, the two nations adopted a code of unintended and counters at sea that was created naval western pacific symposium. An annual gathering of navies that operate in the region. A friend of mine, captain smith, shared with me an encounter he had with a chinese forget in the eastern see a few years ago a end discussed the professionalism of his chinese counterpart. I am confident that even with the hc accord, one thing we can say for sure, with the hco court, there was a little bit of hankypanky tween the u. S. And the ussr as i revealed in my dissertation. List of incidents we had post1972 with the soviets. But the public never saw this because there was a classification called for and we. Ris only would discuss this every year either in moscow or washington. Concern today is social media. Ok . In the 1980s i recall an incident and the soviet up alongside us and it had its forward gun out pointing at our bridge. A violation ofy the incidents at sea accord. I was thinking, is today the day world war iii is going to start . Is there any reason for this . I was thinking, and no. This guy should be able to read e painted on the side of our ship, so any bomb he sends it to our ship is going to take him out. If this was today, somebody on our single bridge would take a drive that, send it home to his father back, atlanta, and next thing you know it is on cnn, fox the for top this is before white house or kremlin would even have a with that this occurred. F that this had occurred and it would make the evening news cycle. That is a concern today. The other differences territorial seas. I am from new jersey. I used to go down to the seaside and sit on the beach and i could look out and see Russian Fishing boats there, because our at the time,eas the United States claimed three nautical miles. During a little bit of research, it was not until 1988 that we decided to go to 12. Is pretty recent history. One of the issues today, of course, with the creation of economic exclusion zones has been determined by some nations as an exclusion zone for noneconomic activities. Nonidentification zones in the East China Sea and South China Sea. Media andcial different views on territorial waters, i see the potential for artificial crises that could lead to some unfortunate crazies. I will leave it there and look forward to questions. Ms. Go to there are some seats here. Thank you very much. Let me talk about topical things. Cold war challenges. Similarities and differences. Then and now. Finally, japans future defense role. Ld war. That japaners argue was a free writer during the cold war. That is not true. Theh japan was making Biggest National security commitment in the 1980s in the history todate. It played a Critical Role of helping the United States execute the Maritime Strategy. Of thened in the Center Theater of confrontation in the u. S. And the soviet union in the to aic, japan undertook important missions. Areas. Cating one here, one here, and one here. And, second, the defense of sea. Ines of communication the objective of the trade blockade was to prevent soviet forces from advancing into the western pacific. The maritime selfDefense Force traumatically improved its antisummary and wartime capabilities. C130 as aed minelaying platform. Surface to ship missiles to attack soviet vessels sailing through the strait. Of the defense was to make it possible for the u. S. Aircraft carrier battle groups to stand safely to striking positions. This is the northernmost island here. The maritime selfDefense Force was tasked with the antisubmarine operation and passages inng safe the western pacific for the u. S. Carrier battle groups. While taking up these new missions, the selfDefense Forces continue to provide protection over the United States bases in japan, such as severalforce base in areas and never he bases in and navy bases. Defense provided by the selfDefense Forces, the u. S. Forces could focus on offensive strike operations against the soviet far east. Japans commitment to the united resultstrategy did not from political mischief. It was a result of the concerted efforts made by the officials and officers of the Japan Defense agency, the selfDefense Forces, the minister for the fears the minister of foreign minister of the finance. When another came into office in 1982 that the japanese Prime Minister consciously and doors to his countrys commitment to the Global Security strategy. Close defense u. S. Strategy produced good results. Acording to a require retired u. S. Navy officer in a day japan specialist, no u. S. Navy operator would doubt the executing the strategy, he said it was unbelievable that we tracked every soviet submarine by the end of the cold war. Former soviet leaders say one of the retired soviet officers has acknowledged the soviets took the presence of allied navies such as japanese, in exercises, very seriously. He even mentioned his respect for the Japanese MaritimeDefense Force. There are successes, there are challenges. During the cold war, u. S. Planners were concerned that japan might become neutralized in case of war. The u. S. Government clearly indicated this concern. Example, the for soviet military power from 1989, published by the u. S. Department of state of defense, stated, the soviet merger objectives in the past included, into a quote, neutralizing japan and south korea by military or political means to prevent them from supporting the United States. Several scenarios were looked into as the global war games were conducted at the u. S. Naval war college in the 1970s and 1980s. In the 1979 games, the social the soviet union offered incentives to france, israel, pakistan, and algeria to remain neutral. In the 19 80 game, the soviet union detonated three Nuclear Weapons east of japan to intimidate the japanese government into neutrality. In the 1984 game, the soviet union perceived that it would be impossible to keep japan that diplomatic and political pressure into a threat. So they launched a largescale air attack on japan. In the threeyear games in 1985 in 1980 seven was more interesting. In these games, japan went backandforth between the United States and soviet union. During the first week of hostilities, the United States air operations in japan using u. S. And japanese bases against the soviet union. Thatthere was a protest this was not in keeping with japans professed neutrality, the japanese condemned the United States actions and band the future use of japanese soil as a base for u. S. Attacks on soviet courses. But then, japan decided to take two Aircraft Carriers into the o socko not a it wasve action, but regarded as a serious violation of neutrality and they attack japan. Governmentpanese made a decision to fully take obligations and pledged to use it selfDefense Force to protect United States forces in japan. Hypothetical scenarios used for wargames. Nevertheless, a repeated appearance of this name clearly the United States planners took this seriously and examined how best to prevent japan from getting neutralized and, if it did, how to fight a global war without participation. It is hardly surprising that the u. S. Planners were concerned about the neutralization of japan. First, despite japans acquisition of modern equipment such as f15 fighters that and other aircraft, it was doubtful the selfDefense Force had the real war fighting capabilities. Shortage of ammunition supplies seriously limited the execution of realistic live fire exercises. Many of the Japanese Selfdefense forces did not have aircraft shelters. Planswere no emergency defining the rights and citizens of japanese citizens and major by theons conducted selfDefense Forces and wartime. In 2003 and 2004, more than 10 years after the cold war, the Japanese Parliament announced registration necessary for wartime operations. But a few differences between , there is both good news and bad news when the current strategic environment in the pacific as compared with that of the cold war era. War, some of the offered the soviet union a natural barrier. Eparating them from the sea today, japan controls these island, the southwestern and can use it as a natural defense of barrier. However, the only exit the soviet fleet had for advising the western pacific was has atght, today, china least nine or 10 locations that could be used because it is a long island chain with a lot of gaps between them. Is superior to soviet [ion, which collapsed because scernible] according to the stockholm institute,al peace chinese expense expenditure grew by a remarkable 167 in the last decade while the u. S. Japanese expenditure decreased by 0. 4 and 3. 7 respectively. Finally, japans future roles. Defense roles in the future conflict will look very much ones during the cold war. The air force Defense Force will focus on defense with a new emphasis on crude missiles for defense. Japan are becoming more vulnerable by the day with air forceued korean buildup. Planned introduction of s30 five fighters will help ease the mounting pressure. Stwo fighterbombers can help against southeast vessels. The maritime selfDefense Force safe seainue to divide lines of communication to u. S. Carrier battle groups operating in the western pacific and with his Antisubmarine Warfare capabilities which are one of the best in the world. Moreover, it will now protect u. S. Carrier battle groups from not only submarines that also from antiship missiles that china is developing. Be Ballistic Missile will upgraded to more advanced systems in the years to come. The ground selfDefense Force stop hostileto vessels at the straight along the south Western Island chain. New targets or ship missile on the island chain like this, with a range of over 150 kilometers taking cover all over the straits in the island chain. The selfDefense Force will execute similar defense missions, japan will face similar challenges. As the soviet union seeks to japan and case of conflict, north korea and china will do the same. Why now, north korea has deployed more than 200 missiles capable of reaching japan. With possible miniaturized and usable nuclear devices. North korea can explode a nuclear bomb in japans vicinity do as the soviet union did in 1980. They may seek to neutralize japans population. According to the Public Opinion the 32 of the japanese responding felt the new. Egislation would strengthen 64 of them answered it would make it more likely that japan might get and trapped in foreign wars. Entrapped in foreign wars. 74 agreed that japan would not get drawn into wars by the United States even if the situation was and acted. Japang the isolation of the isolationists in japan committed to security will remain a challenge. Thank you very much. [applause] goto we have a full house. We are excited to have cspan with his. There is a microphone if you have questions. Please raise your hand and introduce yourself. Would interest of time, i like to take two or three questions together. Lets initially go with this gentleman, and then with the gentleman who is up high. Thank you. I am henry, a researcher and retired federal government. Few years, we have seen japan fortified as an Artificial Island in the sol cg. Many years ago, all chinese serious military strat