We not your typical and lecturer in 2004. They quickly became one of our most popular annual event. Tonight is no exception. We will feature historic conversation between a legendary near and a visionary rocket entrepreneur. In addition to those lucky enough to have secured tickets, many more will be watching on a live webcast. Which also will be in our archives. If you want to review it sometime in the future, senator glenn cannot be with us tonight. That he sent his best regards. His accompaniments are great inspiration for all of us. Thank you to our speakers for being here. Mr. David rubenstein. Cofounder and coceo of the carlyle group. Isff a sows is bazos founder of amazon and blue origins. Generalome today, major michael collins. Who once held what some have called the best job in the world. Director of the Smithsonian International space and air museum. Welcome back. [applause] as the founding director, general collins was responsible for the design and construction of this building. Open as a bicentennial gift for American People on july 1, 1976. Visitors 327 million have walked through this building since it opened. Which is why we are renovating it. [laughter] in confirming that the heat bills, leticia people to the moon, a priceless national treasure. In two weeks, we will celebrate four decades of unparalleled success and rededicate our main gallery. That gallery, were so many millions discovered the story of light is one of the worlds great public spaces. We have boeing to thank for helping us reinvented for the decades ahead. Over many years, boeing has partnered with the smithsonian on callous important projects. Countless important project. We would not be the museum we are today without their support. And ourf of the museum past, present, and future visitors, i would to think boeing for the steadfast support. Forward to celebrating the Company Centennial anniversary along with our 40th anniversary along with our anniversary on the first of july or we will have an all nighter. You are all invited. I disapproved that the first time, they came back and said you are not the target audience. [laughter] will get it started and i hope you have a great time. It is now a great pleasure to introduce the chairman, president and chief executive officer of the boeing company, nberg. Nnis molle [applause] good evening. It is a pleasure to be here with all of you. Kind thank you for that introduction and the kind words about the boeing company. We are honored to support and partner with you and the national air and space museum. It is it an portent emission. Thank you for your leadership and service for our country. Lets give jack a welldeserved hand. [applause] as general daily said, this is an exciting year for us. The 40 anniversary of the national air and space museum. Boeing will be celebrating its centennial. 100 years old on july 15. We will have the early celebration on july 1. One that has involved all aspects of air and space. We think about the First Century of aviation, people went from walking on the earth to walking on the moon. We went from riding horses to flying airplanes and spaceships. It has been an incredible journey and boeing has been honored to be a part of that. Tonight, it is my privilege to introduce the speakers and moderator that will lead tonights discussion of it i can type personally have a space amhusiast, how excited i that this is the topic for tonight. I want to reckon as michael collins. It is a National Hero with us tonight. Son i told my 15yearold that i was going to meet him this evening, he said, no way [laughter] he has done a lot to inspire the country and i think we can all remember back to the apollo 11 mission, whether we thought real time or have seen it sense, since, the inspiration decorated and the longterm impact to the country and world is well recognized. It is great to have michael here with us tonight. The command module pilot for the apollo 11 mission. Also, a great privilege for us to be with jeff bezos. One of the great entrepreneurs of our time. Great Business Leader in another space enthusiast and among other things, we have the privilege of working with jeff and his blue origins team on a future rocket engine and space opportunities. More broadly than that, jeff and his team are breaking barriers and low cost libel access. And fundamentally reliable access and funnily changing the equation of how we will get to space. Thank you for your leadership. Lastly, i would like to recognize David Rubenstein as well. He has been a great friend and Business Leader, comanche leader, philanthropist. Well known here. Great and ofrian, the Space Business and also a great supporter of the national air and space museum. David will be our moderator at this evening. I like to welcome all three of you gentlemen to the stage and we look forward to the discussion. [applause] my last duty here was to try to make this podium to send. Descend. Im an engineer by traits i think this is the real reason i am here today. Technology. Ng [applause] thank you very much. How many people here would like to go into space . How do people would like to go to the moon . You will hear a lot about that tonight. Let me ask you each individual question. Michael collins, you were the first director of this museum. Getting it off the ground and the money, was doing that harder than getting to the moon . Ifi think it would have been they were not for Barry Goldwater wanted badly to get this museum underway. What he told me was if you are , pleasee with a kin mention that. I would be labeled to mention im here with my daughter kate chicago and from boston. She had been in Neil Armstrongs shoes, which he have said one small step for woman. She would have said, no, does this suit make me look fat . Maybe that is why she was not picked. Jeff, you build one of the greatest Technology Companies in the world. He created a company from nothing to amazon. Do than tryrder to to get a Space Company off the ground . Totally different challenges. Find, ihe things i think back on the last 20 years. 20 years ago, i was driving packages to the post office myself. Day might be one able to afford a forklift. That is 1995. 21 years later, the internet is the gigantic thing, there are many successful companies. The Ottoman Errol entrepreneurial dynamism is incredible. Is put the to do heavy lifting infrastructure into place so that the next dynamic,n can have a ultra numeral explosion of ideas ofentrepreneurial explosion ideas. The reason you cant do that today is because there is too much heavy lifting involved. Getting to is so expensive and so hard. When we started amazon, i did not have to build a Logistics Infrastructure system to deliver parcels. There was ups. Doggie existed. The u. S. Postal service already existed. I do not need to build a remote payment system. Similarly, there were computers around. All of those things would have been hundreds of billions of dollars of infrastructure. The longdistance phone network became the background of the internet. Backbone of the internet. You can have the explosion because the heavy infrastructure was in place. For space, it is not like that. The price of admission is so high. Im excited about lowering the cost. Lowering the costs about 20 years from now, a new generation of people with startup money, real entrepreneurs can do Amazing Things and space. The cuckold that will be. Be . Hink how cool that would jobs now whoe day are trying to get to space. You have a day job. Why dont people have fulltime jobs getting into space . For one thing, it is expensive. You need a lucrative day job so you can afford your night job. [laughter] blue origin i think will be a profitable business one day. You want business to be itself sustaining so they can do Amazing Things. But it needs a lot of funding it needs a lot of funding for a long time. I am happy to do that. I can only good because i was lucky with amazon. This is something that is hard to believe, he landed on the minute in july of 1969 and we will get into that in a moment, why do you think sony people in the world still think it was fake and in a studio . Was there a studio he filmed . Would love to get them all together into one room. The Wright Brothers flew in kitty hawk North Carolina and it in the evening before, the 16, every year they had the meeting of the man will never fly society and when youre i was the guest speaker. One of the finest beaches i ever made. I was forced to reveal that it if you drivee south out of kitty hawk. This gigantic sand dune. We found just on the other side of that. Filmed just on the other side of that. [laughter] if you look at the unretouched not a graph but it has, you say crushed pack of marlboros. In the heyday of the mercury and Apollo Program, everyones attention was cap divided by captivated by. Everybody wanted to be an astronaut. What you think the u. S. Government has receded in its mission to go to the men . Moon . Where is the u. S. Government . For both of you. Things,nk most especially in the world of economics are cyclical. To the crest of the wave in the latter days of the Apollo Program and that momentum was hard to keep going. I think we are in a time of hiatus. The focus should be on mars. I friend you armstrong was a far better engineer and i thought it off andhwhile to stop get a little more organized on the moon before heading on to mars. I disagree with that. I think we all to just go. Be shoulda said be renamed then National Aeronautics and mars association. Why do you think it is that the u. S. Government has receded . Some way to recapture the u. S. Government interest . You think back to the heyday of the 1960s and the apollo excitement, myat gut instinct on this is that we as a civilization, we has humanity pulled them in landing way forward, out of sequence to where it actually should have been. It was a gigantic effort with ways, shouldny have been impossible. They pulled it off with barely any competition on power. Slide rules. They cannot numerically model the computers. A lot of these important processes a combustion inside a rocket engine, so hard today, but we can do it a little bit. Did not have competition on fluid dynamics. Everything done in a wind tunnel. Nothing done on a computer. I think the reason we have taken because may be in part we pulled that forward to a time when it should have been impossible. Wee it was done, i had to had to wait to let Technology Catch up. The reason all these companies today, margins, virgin galactic, spacex, the only reason we can do this kind of endeavor is because we are standing on the shoulders of nasa who invented all of this technology. We are still using all the things they invented back in the 60s. We have refined versions, but even the computer codes that were used to validate our designs has been honed and finetuned by nasa over decades. I think we are finally, i believe, we are entering a new golden age of space and space exploration. The time has come for that to happen because we as a species have up level ourselves in terms of technology. We are ready to do it. It is amazing that we did it in 1969. Lets suppose the next president of the United States, whoever is elected, cause you up and says i want to jumpstart the graham, give me some advice, what should i do . Back to the moon, go to mars . Michael, what would you say. . I would probably be so nervous that i dropped the telephone. I never had the president of the United States asked me a question like that. Others said earlier, i happen to believe mars. One of the wonderful things about the Apollo Program was what john f. Kennedy said, he was president and wanted a man on the man on the moon by the end of the decade. Simple. You have questions about that . We all understood what we were supposed to do. We need something similar to that today. I dont know what that is. Say, have every hope, i think mars is the focus. You need a lot of support from the president of the United States. You have to have the feeling that he is a man or woman that thinks about things, like the exploration, fix it is a worthwhile investment for the government and puts it pretty high on the priority list. Regardless of you like, we have not had a personal involvement since john f. Kennedy. It was a wonderful help for us. There it is. You can write it on your thumbnail. Off you go. . What would you do think big prizes would be an interesting thing to do. Has on the darpa grand challenge is which kicked cars, nasa forg done detailed mars return mission. Thencts mars samples and lift back off and goes to earth and bring some martian samples back. Very expensive mission. Very complex. One thing that the government could do is offer a very large prize to have our first brings back some mars samples. It would be very interesting and that kind of horse race would create lots of attention. People would compete for it. End . Nows how it would if nobody brings the samples back, they cost taxpayers nothing. It is an effective way to get a lot of interest and teams competing and try to come up with creative ways to do that. I also would advise that nasa needs to go after gigantic Hard Technology goals. An example would be in and space qualified nuclear reactor. For deep space missions. Very difficult and challenging. Not something the president would undertake any time soon. Hard,r thing gigantic we would be hypersonic pointpoint travel. Nasa is not just about i think prizes and Hard Technology programs. Either of you believe in ufos . Roswell, new mexico . One of the horrible things is that word, ufo. Anyone who has flown the night sky,r disk occasionally sees something. Have i seen something, yes. Do i think it was inhabited by little green men from far away, no. Some lighting condition that calls that. But im not answering the question. On the backside of the moon, he did not say little men or women you did not see the men or women . It was nice. I cannot hear mission control. Could not hear mission control. Believe there is life elsewhere in the galaxy . Yes. But i dont think they have visited us and they are not conducting people. Of ducting people. I think when they come, if they ever do, they will make themselves quite visible. How did you first get involved in the Space Program . You are a graduate of west point and a fighter pilot. How did you get selected . He just expended you just explained it. I was eight years old and looked into the night sky and said the moon is for me. I used to make model airplanes. Strong made model airplanes Neil Armstrong made model airplanes. Mine would confuse me a little bit. My solution was to wind the rubber band a little bit more. Neil build a wind tunnel built a wind tunnel. Got into it stepbystep. Went to west point my father and my brother and uncle had all gone there. Fundamentally, i went there because of the free education. Then add a choice of army or air force. My uncle was army chief of staff and i was like, nepotism. Snuck off to the air force. The choice was ply or dont lie. So fly. Ones . Es are little big ones are better. Fly the same ones over and over or the new ones . I wanted to defy the new ones. I was a test i would and nasa was looking for test pilots. When you finally got selected, did you ask, how did i get there or how did they get there . Back up a bit. Before there was a Space Program, the bureaucrats or whatever, the scientists, they all got together and try to figure out who did they want to hire . What kind of people . Some of the proposals were bizarre. Climbers who cannot breathe nothing climbers who are used to not being mountain climbers who were not used to breathing. Or a scuba diver. It is dangerous so we ought to get bullfighters. All these crazy ideas were compiled and put together in a paper to president eisenhower and he said, ok, has a graduate of an accredited test pilot school. For 12nasa is looking people in a year or so, they have over 18,000 applicants. If you say yet to be a graduate of a accredited test pilot school, that pulled insurance. I was fortunate to be one of two people considered. I would never make it today. How did you get interested in space . I became inspired when i was five years old watching apollo 11. Moon and ito to the was, i could tell how excited everyone was around me. You dont choose your passions, your passions choose you. Ever since i was five result, i have been thinking about rockets and rocket engines and spacecraft premuch every day of my life. Girlerybody as a boy or are adjusted in space but they dont go ahead and do the things you did, what prompted you after you started amazon to start a separate company and how much of your time to devote to it . I had been hoping to build a Space Company since i was a little kid. Reality came into play and i realized it would be really expensive and then i kind of moved on and fell in love with computers and then i want this won thiscalled lottery called amazon. Com and i realized i could do this dream. Where up to about 700 people and were building a suborbital tourism vehicle which competes with urgent galactic in our goal is to make it possible for anyone who wants to go to space to afford it. We will keep working epochal patiently until we achieve it. Then we are building an orbital vehicle and we will fly that at the end of the decade for the first time. Is that to dramatically lower the cost of space, it is about reusability. You have to make your vehicles usable. You cant throw them in the bottom of the ocean every time you are using them. Would you go on one of these space trips . Absolutely. I fully expect to go to space someday. My family is on the front row. Im telling them right now. They know. They know i cant be kept away. I will do it very safely. Both muchel can be lower cost and much more reliable. I think reusability will add to reliability. Fly anymuch rather boeing 787 after it has defined a little while, not the first flight out of the factory. Bu