A lot of men died, but strategically, it was a victory. I characterize this entire campaign is being the most successful of this conflict thus far. Its success is unprecedented. We are seeing americans come to grips with largescale the enemies units. Is is going to be a pattern of the war . It seems evident that the leadership in hanoi has sent down to South Vietnam regular forces. How many more, we do not know. It was a bitter and valuable experience. It taught us the value of mobility in fighting a guerrilla war. It has also pointed out the brutal fact that hanoi intends to commit a filled army to vietnam. Communists are massing in South Vietnam, and so are we. They feel we are divided. There impressed by student demonstrations. In hanoi, a student is a rare and honored member of society. The enemy knows he cannot defeat us in the field, but by killing americans, he hopes to demoralize us at home. That is what happened to france in 1954. Our armed forces are willing to take necessary casualties to seek out and destroy the enemy. The question remains, are the American People willing to lose more and more young men in vietnam . This has been a cbs news special report, the battle of ia drang valley. This prerecorded broadcast was produced under the supervision and control of cbs news. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2015] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] bookshelf history features Popular History writers and airs on American History tv every weekend. Next, Danielle Mcguire discusses the lives of women during the Civil Rights Movement. This december marks the 60th anniversary of rosa parks. Efusal to give up her seat she examines racial and Sexual Violence experienced by africanamerican women in the segregated south year she credits women for fueling the Civil Rights Movement. The Georgia Center for books hosted this event in 2010. It is a little over one hour. Good evening, everyone. Im the executive director of the georges for books. We have the host for this evenings program. We welcome all of you. Rosa parks is one of the truly iconic figures of the Civil Rights Movement. We know her as the older, quiet woman whos tired feet led her to defy segregation on buses iny alabamas 1955. Her courageous spontaneous refusal to give up her seat to a white man sparked the bus boycott, which gave birth to an entire movement. That is what we have been told until now. But do we really know rosa parks . The answer is very definitely, no. Theelcome to the center for book tonight, dr. Danielle mcguire, and her new book is at the dark end at the street, black women, rate, and resistance. The bulge is not merely shed on rosa parks and the beginnings of the Civil Rights Movement. It offers a new way of approaching an understanding the womens history and the underpinnings of the Civil Rights Movement. It traces a sordid history of Sexual Violence directed against black women in the jim crow era and illuminates how the littleknown actions of rosa parks long before that bus boycott helped create the impetus for Civil Rights Movements. Detailsin says the book the all too ignored tactic of rate of black women and the practice of southern White Supremacy. And she plots resistance against the outrage as a fact of the Civil Rights Movement. Her book is as essential as its history is infuriating. Dr. Me in welcoming danielle maguire. [applause] thank you. Thank you to the Georgia Center for the book for inviting me in the Decatur Public Library for hosting us, and to all of you for bearing with me through this presentation. I am thrilled you are here tonight. 1944, in alabama, a black woman named recy taylor walked home from a church revival. A car load of white men kidnapped her, drove her to the woods, and brutally gang raped her. They dropped her in the middle of town and threatened to kill her if she told anyone what happened. That night she told her father, her husband, and the local sheriff the details of the brutal assault. Pd said they were sending their best investigator. Her name was rosa parks. It was 11 years before the bus boycott. Activists would become better known as the montgomery improvement brought Martin Luther king jr. To prominence that would change the world. Rosa parks carried her story back to montgomery where she and the most militant activists organized a national and international protests for equal. Ustice for recy taylor they called it the best to be seen in a decade. When the coalition took root, it would become the montgomery improvement association, dr. King was still in high school. Boycott montgomery bus often heralded as the opening scene of the civil rights drama was the last act of a decadelong struggle to protect africanamerican women from sexualized violence and rape. Was notapping and rape unusual in the segregated south. From slavery through the 20th century, white men abducted and assaulted black women with alarming regularity and often impunity. They learned black women and girls away from work with promises of steady pay and better wages. They attacked them on the job. They objected them at gunpoint while traveling to or from home or work. They sexually humiliated, harassed, and assaulted them on buses, in theaters and other places of public space. This is a pattern throughout the underscore the limits of southern justice. Black women did not keep their stories secret. They reclaim their humanity by testifying about these assaults, and their testimonies lead to larger campaigns for several rights and human dignity. Even the most off told and illustrious campaign for civil rights, montgomery, birmingham, selma, the freedom summer in mississippi, they often have an unexamined history of gendered political appeals to protect black women from Sexual Violence. Most of you here tonight probably know something about the montgomery bus boycott. According to Popular History, who in what caused the boycott . Anyone . Rosa parks. What was it . To decide toer stay on the bus . She had tired feet. Question, the same the former editor of the Montgomery Advertiser talks about somebody else, Gertrude Perkins. This is what he had to say. Gertrude perkins is not even mentioned in the history books. She had as much to do with the bus boycott and its creation as anyone on earth. Large, toshe loomed remember her 40 years after the fact when he gave this interview. Most histories fail to even mention her name. If you are like me, when hearing this you are like whois Gertrude Perkins . Africanamerican woman, 25 years old, of ducted and assaulted by two Police Officers in march 27 1929. 1939. Two policemen picked her up on the railroad. They had all types of sexual relations with her at that particular time. She came to my door. She told me what had happened to her. I set down and wrote what she said had happened to her. Word by word. Finished, i had it to drewd and sentenced pearson in washington. He went to the air with it. It was all over the nation. After Gertrude Perkins said what happened she mustered the courage to report the crime to the police, even the same men who had raped her. Not surprisingly the police dismissed her claim and accused her of lying. They claim she was completely false. Holding a lineup would set a bad precedent. Besides, my policeman would not do a thing like that. Blacks in montgomery knew better. Ae police force had reputation for racist and sexist brutality. A few years earlier police had abducted and raped a 16yearold daughter of a black woman who challenge the Police Officer on the bus one day. Spread,of the attack women, activists, labor leaders and ministers rally to her defense. They formed an upperlevel organization and demanded an investigation and a trial. Their public protests garnered enough attention to keep the story on the front pages of the for nearly newspaper two months. The sustained attention finally forced a grand jury hearing where she testified on her own behalf. The county solicitor accused her of lying. She stood her ground and maintained her composure. Her testimony did not impact the all white jury, however, who failed to indict any officers. In the editorial designed to put any hard feelings to rest the Montgomery Advertiser said the case ran the full process of our anglosaxon system of justice. What more could have been done . Members of the Citizens Committee would have preferred an indictment and lengthy jail sentence but they were thrilled when the amount of public protest their campaign yielded. Montgomery seemed to have more of its fair share of what were called sex cases. Occur in did not isolation. In february 1951 a White Grocery store owner reggie black teenager. Or as amployed babysitter and frequently drove her home after her shift. One night he pulled to the side of the quiet road and raped her. That night she went home and told her parents what happened. They decided to press charges. When a jury returned a not guilty verdict after delivering for five minutes the family reached out to rufus lewis, a world war ii veteran. Nexen organized a boycott his store. They brought together womens groups and the womens political counsel and labor unions, perhaps even the same people who had organized to defend recy taylor. They delivered their own verdict in the case. They drove grain into the red. Storehut down his grocery. The ability to shut down his Grocery Store constituted a major victory. Not only did it establish the boycott as a powerful weapon for a message tot sent wife that africanamericans were no longer allow white men to disrespect, abuse, and violate black women bodies. Besides Police Officers come if you were as guilty of these crimes as were the Bus Operators who bullied and brutalized black passengers daily. Bus drivers had police power. They carried blackjacks, and often guns. They assaulted and sometimes even killed africanamericans who violated the racial order of jim crow. In 1953 africanamericans filed 30 complaints of abuse and mistreatment. Most complaints came from black women, workingclass women it who were domestics who made up the bulk of the ridership. Drivers hurled nasty insults at black women, touch them inappropriately and often physically abused them. One woman remembering them sexy harassing her as she waited on the corner. The bus was up high, she said and the street was down low. They would drive up and expose themselves while i was standing there. It scared me to death. Treatedremembered they them rough as can be, but were some kind of animal. They denied a sense of dignity and demonstrated they were not worthy of respect or protection. This belief was part of a longstanding pattern that allowed white men to use and abuse black women for the better part of the 20th century. When we consider this within a spectrum of racial and Sexual Violence with rape and lynching on one end and daily indignities on the other, attacks on black women integrity underscores their physical and sexual vulnerability in a racial caste system. It was much easier not to mention safer for black women to just stop writing the buses than it was to bring their assailants , often bus drivers and Police Officers to justice. Without these woman the bus. Oycott would have failed africanamerican women ran the daytoday operation of the boycott. They stopped the that started the car system. They raise most of the local money for the movement. They filled the majority of pews at the mass meetings with a testified publicly about physical and sexual abuse on the buses. By walking hundreds of miles to protest humiliation may africanamerican women reclaim their bodies and demanded to be treated with dignity and respect. While the mchenry bus boycott is often portrayed as a spontaneous movement, it has a past. It is rooted in the struggle to protect and defend black womanhood from racial and Sexual Violence. Its impossible to understand and situate the boycott in its proper Historical Context of the understanding the stories of recy taylor and Gertrude Perkins. This history, its impossible for us to understand why so many black women walked for so long to protest mistreatment on the buses. The onlyr he was not place where a tax on black women the old protests against White Supremacy. Civil rights campaigns in little rock arkansas, where daisy bates used her newspaper for a decade to publicly shame white man was salted black women, or albany, georgia in 1962 where people defended black women at albany state black college for white men who broke into their dorms and proud around campus at night. Alabamangham and selma whose police and bus drivers are notorious for racist and sexist practices. In the 1964ippi freedom summer where activists who were arrested were often beaten and sexually abuse while they were in prison. All of these Major Campaigns have roots in organize resistance to sexualized violence and gendered political appeals to defend black womanhood. This despite literature that focuses on the roles of black and white women and the outrage of gender in the movement, and sees little or no role in most histories of the freedom struggle, even as we focused on racist violence about lack and white man. All these provide gripping examples of racist brutality but we ignore what happened to black women. To truly understand the Civil Rights Movement we need to understand the stories, and this history. The Sexual Exploitation of black women had its roots in slavery. Stall black womens bodies to strengthen their power for two reasons. Thenial laws meant offspring of slave women the property of their master, giving slave owners a financial incentive to abuse slaves. Laws that banned interracial marriage but not fornication or childbirth out of wedlock awarded white men sexual access to black and white women while denying black women the respectability and rights granted by a legal relationship. These laws created a system allowed white men to police white women sexual choices and abuse black women with impunity. Both of which maintained white mens position on topic political and economic power structure. After slavery fell, these practices often remains. Reconstruction, slaveholders and sympathizers youd violence to reassert control over freed people. Andas a weapon of terror interracial rape became a battleground on which black men and women fought for ownership and control of their bodies. Aserracial rape was deployed a justification for lynching black men who violated any aspect of the racial status quo even though they were often accused of attacking white women. Control,in power and whites created the myth of the black beast rapists, per train them as a beast that attacked white women while they slept. They use this image whenever they feared losing power. For example, white democrats in North Carolina use the image in 1900 to regain political control after the biracial fusion party took every single statewide office in 1898. Wellsclub women like ida argued that white men accused black man of rape as part of larger system of intimidation. Or they did this to match their own barbarism and attack on black women. She knew that white men attacked black women in a ritualistic fashion throughout the jim crow era. Black women were victimized to be sure. The street isd of not just about victimization. Many black women who were raped or insulted thought back by speaking out. Tom the slave narratives Gertrude Perkins africanamerican women described in denounce their sexual misuse, deploying their voices as weapons in the wars against White Supremacy. For every woman that spoke out, there were many more who kept these attacks to themselves. Salads can be a useful strategy. Especially when whites used racial violence to shore up White Supremacy. For example, africanamerican leaders embrace the politics of respectability and adhered to a culture of silence as a matter of political necessity during the white backlash unleashed from the 1954 Supreme Court decision outlawing segregation in public schools. For many supporters, integration miscegenation, or as a mississippi judge put it, and malcolm nation amalgamation. They warned the incubus was coming. Next marriage, black men girls. G whit raping white the Citizens Council leader espousing these feelings. Ever give up that gun. That is all you have left to protect that little baby in the crib. These dirty devils will be in your homes. That is what they want. They do not want equality. The you know they dont want equality. They dont want Something Like youve got. They want what youve got, your women. Because segregation has employed these scare tactics, particularly the myth of the black beast rapists, to cultivate white fear and resentment, any gender or racial impropriety on the part of africanamericans could be viewed as threatening the social order. This is why africanamericans chose