Automobiles. How innovations made for those were used in development of americas freeways. She highlights the work of the firm and described how many parkways were imagined as aesthetic subpoenases, not just roads between places. Her class is about an hour and 10 minutes. Professor hohmann ok, gang, today we are looking at the development of roads in the world of landscape and architect and land development. You guys probably know that you dont know a lot of Landscape Architects who do roads. Its not something we associate with Landscape Architect to you. It wasnt always so, in fact, the modern free away that you guys drive every day has its roots in Landscape Architecture and the park planning that we have been talking about this semester. Im going to start with a little bit of review and this familiar landscape which everyone should, i hope recognize which is of course Prospect Park. So we look at the development of central park and Prospect Park, the next great park in the late 1860s. They design roads associated with this park and these were intended to be broad treelined streets spinning off the edges of the park in here. Theyre originally supposed to be four. Two were actually built, eastern and Ocean Parkway. Here is a view of Ocean Parkway from 1894. So if we think about this which is one of the first references to parkways in the United States, they based their idea off of falk avenue in paris, so if youre thinking about the work that we talked about earlier. In this early conception of the parkway. Theyre thinking about a couple of rather simply ideas. First its a wider than average street. Ts wider. Second parkways were usually tree lined. Were talking about boulevards. A parkway in the beginning was a wide street with trees indistinguishable from the term boulevard so theyre pretty much identical. The most significant aspect or difference is the name which provided a sense of the utility of the parkway as linking a park to park. So in your text the parkway provides the psychological carryover of the restful influence of one park area into its echo in another with little or no interruption along the way. O there is this idea of park seamlessly with the parkway. Parkways began to be a little more serious with the design of his system which is, anyone . Yeah, the buffalo park system. It was designed in 1871. And we can see on these images, the parkways connecting the pieces of the park system, the front, the parade and delaware park. As we talked about earlier, these early parkways were usually aligned with existing city grid forms. So there is some ornamentation here in this part of the plan. Essentially there are kind of these Straight Lines grade following boulevard system. The parkway as part of a park system spreads across the United States seen here in chicago, west park system, the designer and kansas city park system. Again there are gridded environments, wide streets, treelined connecting park to park. And these early park systems as they develop over time begin to expand and get larger and larger. The red box on here is the previous slide, so we just looked at that system and we could see it extending to connect the Riverfront Park designed by kessler down to small park, the large country park which becomes developed later on in the development of kansas city. So early parkways, the aspect here are that they are intraurban within the city. They are used to structure the inside of the city, continuing park to park, downtown to park, residences to park and having the maximum distance of 10 to 12 miles. Other well known parks and parkway systems, buffalo, chicago, minneapolis, louisville, denver, seattle, essex county, all over the county, people begin building these park systems and using parkways as a way to connect and just looking at some of the designers, the film featuring greatly, kessler, cleveland in minneapolis and jensen and others in chicago. As parkways develop, Landscape Architects classify them into two types, the ones that we are looking at from the formal parkways and another type they begin to call informal parkways. It basically means they curve linear and no longer follow the grid. The minneapolis parkway system if you look at this plan, we have the formal system here with memorial drive, this was actually developed later. Right here, we can see the informal parkway rolling along the lakes in minneapolis. Instead of being aligned with the grid system, the informal parkways were aligned with natural features. We talked about this a little bit before when we were talking about park system, but the parkway begins to be thought about as a kind of separate entity when they begin to lassify them as informal parkways. John charles who we have talked as the stepson of frederick sr. Becomes a member of the firm in the late 1880s. He writes an important article in 191. Ys and he characterizes parkways at this time. Its an interesting article because its going to classify things in a way that people start to think about parkways differently. He describes them as formal and informal and described the informal parka as being soupior for a number of reasons summarized here. Would t is that it urve irlinear as talked about, topographical differences and other Natural Futures and property boundaries which might not be completely straight as well. Because they were laid out to fit to the topography, they could be graded more easily than straight alignment. This would cut down on their development costs. They also did less damage to the adjacent landscape. They didnt have to grade so much around the road bed. He advocates for informal parkways as the prefostered for City Development and for planning for future City Development in part because you have a parkway curving through a residential district, that area could then become the park for the surrounding residences. To make this particularly effective, he says that it is worth purchasing or taking the and having that land under the commission. The other aspect of the article that is worth looking at is he says that parkways are not just park but they are also transportation corridors. As we have talked about, we had caring ways industrial paths, ridele paths in terms of being part of parks and part of parkways in this absolutely gigantic crosssection drawing. I like it because it kind of shows a hypothetical section of its 400 feet wide. Your average two lane road today is 45 feet wide. This is 10 times the width. We have seen this. He says that you can begin to in this crosssection of the parkway, we can begin thinking about putting in different uses. So under here, he says we can have rapid transit, electric rail. We have different modes of transit, we would call this parkway. Ultimodall different areas are by trees, grass, lawn, and even park, ok. So trolleys in the 1900s are one of the preferred forms of public transportation. I also love this drawing because right in here he has got automobile drive. So 1913 already, wow, we can put cars on parkways, too. He is thinking forward. This is the thing that begins to move Landscape Architect out of the park business and into the roadway business. So lets take a closer look at one of these crosssections, again looking at a park system that you are perhaps familiar with, the emerald necklace in boston. Is this is a great example of an informal parka. Using it as both a parkway and a transit corridor. Around 1887 when the system was initially being designed, the roads connecting the parks within the necklace included different sections. There was the arborway connecting, jamaica pond, Franklin Park connected by another section and the river jamaica tarying to ond as well. In greater detail in a second. I want you to kind of of notice that the parkway system is laid out, not along the grids of boston, not that boston has a lot of grids, its an old city. Its laid out along the corridor of the muddy river year. Other scabbing sick of it is widened, some are skinnier to make their way into residential areas. Is my other scabbing characteristic here, it follows the natural ter rain of the land terrain of the land, the late 1920s and 1930s called parkways and land values, you can see the characteristic of that cost section. Its a beautiful leafy steven were, bunches of trees. Pedestrian way or bridal path through here as well. This beautiful leafy environment that serves for a park to and for take a stroll. If we look at this line, this is again the same section, jamaica pound is over here. Here is the arbor wait and jamaica way, the other section. I have three lines showing parkway. With the red line matches the blue line, matches the green line. We can see how the porch way he will pants and contracts to meet its surrounding. In some places its narrower, wider, and we have different roadway elements, roadway, bridal path, walk and the park on the side of the road. Bit rider. A little front ago road if i live on the residential side to allow me to roadway. That main the key aspects. T has access and the early parkway system, i have direct access, i have the right to that on the roadway. That is a significant park of americas system in the late 19 gged and 20th century. This will change as we move to he modern washing way. So here is a diagram showing that. We have streets, we have access from the streets on to the main road and then individual residents with the blue arrows can access that road away as well. Its an integrated system. Residential areas are parks and roadway all kind of selected its a happy kind of environment. The modern parkway, the bronx River Parkway. D like the parkways of the emrals neckly in boston which was created as a sanitary improvement. Westchester county, new york, a landscape scene, but much of the bronx River Parkway initially looked like this, ok. Have look closely ear, we peoples laundry and right now that image is an out house. F you think of police, we have sanitary waste pretty much flowing down into the bronx river down here. In 19 70, the bronx river mark way compression, independent agency of the city. S authorized to survey the acquire, design and construct a refer. Along the suers, road, park, all combined into one. And the property was acquired by 1909. They had some political and inancial problems and they egan construction in 1916, world series, wham what i do i want to happen. The parkway was designed by a team of designers and in addition to the landscape was jay downer, the engineer and thriving ombined both and the presentation of landscape and fews future. Road ng the planting, the alignment and float design. The engineer worked on the technical aspects and a series of bridges across the parkway. N addition, along the driveway , they inserted a series of parks in a roadway on ear sad. There is a 40 foot drive lane in the rightofway. It looks sort of what we have been talking about all it r, what makes bo modern . This makes it modern, the automobile. Y 1919 cars are becoming increasingly popular and the United States. Although the world was designed as a parkway, in contrast to its spread sores wasnt diagnose specifically for speed of 25 to 35 miles an hour. So what makes it modern is this. He idea of combining cars with landscape design. We combine the features of traditional 19th century rkways with five innovations for accommodating faster moving traffic. Its the car that begins to transform the parkway from a scener device, a park decrease a practice constitute decrease. Were going to start by looking at these four innovations that begin to change the parkway. So number one, the first and perhaps the most important are the use of long curves. A lot of you have graded roads in your class and done a little. Ath on we get moving faster, sharp turns become problematic when you are driving faster and faster. Were designing a road for faster speeds, the cutter begins to be longer. Serial s in the you want to get what that is . I railroad, exactly. Here is the bronx River Parkway. So we can see to accommodate cars moving and 20 to 30 piles an hour, the blood curves connected to broad spiral curves, right. It creates a line through the landscape. Hats change number one. Number two, we get a wider and wider rightofway. This is a Landscape Development plan for the roadway. We can start to see two things about the rightofway. First of all, its not consistent. Its not just a consistent narrow strip running through but it opens up to provide park experiences. And the road bed gets wider and wider. It gets up to the 400 feet width talked about in an article. In addition, number three, i like this sort of image because here we can see the local roads, one of the local roads owner it and youll see there is no access on to the main parkway. To accommodate faster moving traffic, we eliminate that access point, why, small children will run out in front of the cars and get crushed. Specific points are designed where you can get on the roadway and in fact to do this makes this particularly useful, we start to say that were going to allow local traffic to travel over the roadway. The parkway with its beautiful curving line moves through the landscape and we maybe perhaps mound up a little soil and allow brings with local traffic to move over that and at specific places, design, but we all know today as a three away interchange. Here is road moving over. Here are our budding owners. They have no right of access. They got to come out, come down the road, come back and get on that parkway here. That is a major kind of conceptual change in design of roadways. And the bring, where does the bridge come from, where have we seen it before, anyone . Central park, exactly, right. The Great Crossing elimination structure. Voila, the birth of the limited access roadway through the creation of these particular bridges. Funny, interesting thing here as we kind of look at this road is, wow, you kind of feel like youre out in the country, dont you . This is a beautiful tableau in this park, a stone bridge, a bridal path there. Look at the details, look at that, delightful light posts that can be lit at night, a lovely scene. This is one of the weird parts about parkways, very modern the car, the model t running through here yet we look like were in a beauty colic past really landscape. Things do not look particularly ecould logically driven, do they. As a matter of fact, as we look at other features on the roadside, this looks like a nice little dutch cottage, doesnt it . It is a gas station, ok. So the gas station has trellises, doesnt exactly look like your 7eleven today, does it . Its kind of cute. And there is this idea of camouflaging almost the modern technology of the automobile with this nostalgic view of the park, parka or country side. This is one of the weird barts about early roadway design is technologically its quite advanced, ok. Its moving at speed. Its hard for us to think about this as something its fighting 25 miles an hour. I invite you to back when you were first driving a car. Youre driving along and its going 25 miles an hour, you think youre going to drive into something and its kind of scary. This arriving at 25 miles an hour was a new sensation, something we dont think of today. Perhaps this nostalgic stone clad bridged environment tempered that feeling of technology somewhat. Huge success. Embraced with a great passion and we can see a postcard view. Which is the last time that someone sent you a postcard of a road. Aunty d a postcard, dear may, i drove along the parkway today. Not something we would normally do. People would go out for the sunday drive. A couple of things to notice no stripe down the middle of the road, probably was a big fat free for all. We have traffic in both directions on here. I think these are probably pretty exciting to drive on. In addition to recreation, we have the idea of the park, people driving along the scenic landscape boulevard for recreation. The only thing people decide is wow, i can actually use this to get places. Some people say i can be on a bumpy old dirt road somewhere or on the modern parkway with a concrete or asphalt surface and be flying along here. People are recognizing that these are convenient. Learn the parkways just as we see you with the development of parks, people want to live next to the parka. You have access to access to parks and transportation. It spurs residential construction. The parkway was built, houses began to build up and people began to realize that they can use these roads for commuting. Social ndscape is a nd economic success. More parkas soon followed in its wake. Perhaps one of the most famous was the Westchester County park and parkway system which was an extension of the branch River Parkway. Its down in here. Westchester county takes the idea of parkways and runs with them and creates a whole series of parkways. All manage by the Westchester County park commission. This is a little bit different from the way we view roads today which are usually managed by Highway Commissions, county engineers, right, or the department of transportation, mindot, idot, managers are managing parkways. Aesthetics are really important that nature of these landscapes back increasingly important. If we look at a series of crosssections of the Westchester County park system, we can see hutchinson, saw mill, bronx river, bronx parkway extension. They are these leafy environments. So weve got roadway, the roadway in many cases is actually a very small percentage of the actual parkway system. Were hopping on the parkways. Were driving to parks, were driving to other peoples houses and these are aesthetic experiences, not just transportation experiences. New york also spawns the long island parkway system. This is designed initially not as nydot, but ny state park system. So the state parks with robert moses, who is a rather famous builder, developer, in new york, designs in his early years of work the new york long island parkway system. And what this system did was connected manhattan. People living in manhattan, out to the beaches of long island. We talked about this earlier in our national and state park lecture about jones beach state park. Places like this which were these massive recreational facilities and people could hop on