And 10 minutes. The timing of this symposium is intentional. 75 years ago next week, General Macarthur was recalled from retirement to u. S. Service, starting a road that defined him and asia are many years. World,rstand the modern you have to understand to understand much of the modern world, you have to understand the stories we are exploring today. In the Memorial Building next to us, the general is buried with his wife. We also have a temporary exhibit new the theater to your left on the liberation of the philippines, which i incurred you to explore. Take times during the breaks. The museum and this building will be open until 5 00 today. This symposium is another Great Partnership between the city of norfolk and that General Macarthur foundation to provide key support for the memorial and its programs. I would like to recognize them for their support. We have several Board Members here. I would like to recognize them for their support. Also might staff who are here today my staff who are here today and made this happen. I could not be the guy up your giving the welcoming remarks without their professionalism and dedication. We would not have the program we are going to have. James ogle, rodney edwards, if you could give them a round of applause. [applause] christopher at this time i will bring jim forward. Welcome, and lets have a great day. Jim welcome, glad you could make it. This is the 15th symposium. Started about 1975 only put on the occupation of japan symposium. It turned out really great because people could use the archives. That is the thing about macarthur. He wanted it to be free and open. It was a place for free and open discussion about things that were as well as putting on no price tagged injury on the macarthur memorial, one of the only places you will find anywhere where you dont have to pay to get into it. Veterans,war ii congressman whitehurst, most definitely, benito lagardere, flew in from the philippines. He grew up in occupied philippines. [applause] ginger hansen holmes, right here in the middle. She grew up in the jungle during the occupation. [applause] jim her brothers fought with the guerrilla leader. Chris grew up in manila as well. Small boy during the battle or manila. A lot of great [applause] jim they are really what makes this place so special because they keep coming back all the time. Gwen, are you here . She is from lisp on you. Laspanga. If i did not call you about it is because i dont know you yet, but i will soon. We have three great offers authors here today and the philippine delegation presenting their own exhibit, and a film showing bodies film later with the philippine veterans, the main theme of the support. A great day, long day, glad we are inside because it is 100 degrees outside. Lets go ahead and get it kicked off. Our three authors all the way from colorado as well as wisconsin and new jersey, all to be here. One thing they have in common is they all did research here at the macarthur memorial. I am very pleased to have them. Hey all have different styles all three of the books are great. I read them all. Onstage have you appear . First off, we have Walter Borneman. He made it quite a nuisance of himself over the past couple of being here nonstop. Get me this. No, he really was a nice guy. Special writer. This is his book, mcarthur at war. Oh there has been a lot of books written on macarthur. He claims three volumes on this, and it took 10 pages to get to one point. Manchester did a famous book. It took him about 10 pages, and he never really got to the point. Walter has a way of synthesizing ideas and really getting to the essence of certain issues in just a few paragraphs. That is really a strong point i. Hink about walters book so we will bring him up right now. Walter borneman from colorado, welcome to the macarthur memorial. [applause] Walter Borneman good morning. It is indeed a privilege to be here. I was going to say some nice things about jim vogel, and i still will. I am delighted to be back here. I really am. I would not have been able to do this without the Research Facilities of this particular institution, and i think it as an institution. And i certainly think jim vogel as an individual personally for all the help. I was going to a lewd, jim a maybe there were too many emails, but you authored gracious assistance, and i greatly appreciate it. Mcarthur at war, world war ii in the pacific, is indeed just that. I really wanted to focus on macarthurs evolution as a military commander during that four year period of time. It goes without saying that the obvious is that there is no middle ground with Douglas Macarthur. There are people who revere him. There are people who despise him. And i think that that was probably true even during his lifetime. It has been amazing to me. This book has been out 10 weeks, and it has been amazing to me to travel around the country and see how much polarization there still is. 75 years after macarthur in world war ii, 50 years after the mans death, there still is a tremendous amount of polarization. Either those people who are sure he was the greatest general of all time, or those people who were almost nitpicky all the way ann, think that he was absolutely terrible person and made no contribution. Having said that there is no middle ground with Douglas Macarthur, it might seem as a Mission Impossible for me to do what i trying to do, which is really talk about a very balanced and analytical approach to both the many, many good things he did, particularly his whole idea of evolution during his fouryear period of time as the military commander, and to talk about that as well as some of his more exasperating qualities. Those of you who know mcarthur know there is no shortage of those kind of qualities. The adjectives used to describe him were never bland, whether they were superlatives of at election or disdain, there is a lot at alicia and adoration or disdain, there is a lot of them out there. The ability to think things through, talk to scholars in the field and kind of get to the bottom of who back arthur was. And i think that let me bridge and briefly two things that are themed, and i will talk about his evolution as a military commander theme. One of the things in the book that i found fascinating is, how does a man go from someone who is relatively wellknown but certainly not known across the 1941,y on december 7 of and then within six months, he is this absolute Great American hero . A rallying cry for everything that is happening in the United States and the entirety allied world at that time. There are a number of answers to that. One is certainly his ability to in many respects manage his own press. I think there is also a situation you have that he is the only one during the First Six Months of 1942 was really actively engaged with the army. The navy and army are doing some things, but the chief of operations is not one to publish things. Mcarthur is having press releases, and the American Public really has their eyes on the philippines. And i think that a final component of how he makes this transformation to Great American people is that during these six months of 1942, really desperately need a hero. And this is the perfect set up. 8,ricans wake up on december 1941. They have heard the news of perl harbor. Happensthe first that on their mail monday morning . Douglas macarthur, by some happenstance of fate, ends up on their doorstep on the cover of life magazine. Ery autoliv tory article and she really cents mcarthur up as this hero in the far east. And the timing just by coincidence could not have been more amazing. But what happened on december 8 the other theme i try to get into in the book is explore this whole issue of armynavy controversy, rivalry, ok . It certainly exists, because there are people on macarthurs staff like George Kenney who are really just a rapidly antinavy ly antinavy. Abid sometimes books come out, and i can think of a number in the recent past, that are built on controversy. You read some of these things and wonder, now wait a minute, how do we ever win . How do these guys get together and really make things happen . I would suggest to you the truth of the matter is that general arthur looked worked very well. I think he comes very well in about atill talk length in terms of combined operations. He does a great job and working with the navy. As an aside to give historians in the room an occasion to think about, the chief of naval whattions imagine wouldve happened if somebody else had been in that naval said, asin and had not he did, we are going to fight a he saidon war. Says that, there is a tremendous amount of supplies a and material that flow in the pacific. Oferal macarthur would not said that king was one of his strongest supporters or allies but let me suggest that by promoting a twoocean global war and pouring resources into the pacific like king and the joint chiefs did, that macarthur is a beneficiary of that kind of strategy. Let us talk at some length about the evolution as a military commander. In case there are some people new to macarthur, here is the 62nd bio to get us to december 7, 1941. Centuryfinitely a 19th maam. You need to remember that when you start with General Macarthur. He was born in 1880. His father won the metal honored for the charge of Missionary Ridge in the civil war. He went to west point, graduated first course in the class of 1903. Did two courses in the philippines. And it up in the trenches of world war i. Chief of staff and Brigade Commander in the famed rainbow division. After the war, superintendent at west point. Did you know since we are about to focus on the olympics in brazil, he is the head of the american declaration to the 1928 and very,n amsterdam very typical macarthur fashion, he tells the American Team in the amsterdam, americans did not come here to lose. Got first place in terms of gold medals of the 1928 games, so some people do not know that about macarthurs involvement. Athletics were always very important to the general. Was chief of staff with Herbert Hoover and stayed on in the position for Franklin Roosevelt. 1935, goes to the philippines as military advisor. Recalled in the United States. What will he do . He is still relatively young. He does not want to go back to being a port commander. Resigns from the army, stays on in the philippines as Philip Marshall of the philippines army. He is basically recalled to duty 75 years ago this month in the philippines to be commander of u. S. Forces in mubarak east. December 7, december 8 in manila time, 1941. Macarthur is awoken in the morning by who is a perl harbor. We look at him as a military commander. He is simply overwhelmed. As most commanders on the american side by the speed and complexity with which the japanese bring the attack against the philippines and quite frankly, across all of the pacific. It is not surprising that to when we look at and i will give you just three examples of what i think are perhaps his biggest defeat and then three examples of his biggest victories. It is no surprise when we look at that list of big defeats that we start with clark field of december 8, 19 41. Again, i am fond of saying that sometimes historys shorthand does not get it right. I have gone around the last 10 weeks and talked to people and the critics of macarthur already sayediately ready to macarthur got caught with his planes on the ground at clark field. Well, yes, but those of you who know the story it is far more complex than that in terms of what happens. Operationally, the American Forces at clarksville really account for themselves pretty well. They get the bombers and fighters in the air. The mistake they make is when the second wave, the continuing attack ishe japanese happening, they have landed and gone to lunch. That is the problem. But again, the shorthand of macarthur getting caught with his planes on the ground is not quite true. It is much more complicated. Retreat to the peninsula, american and filipino forces, macarthurs strategy had been despite long years of what is orange co. The are you just around manila, macarthur strategy in 1941 he is going to be able to defend the entire archipelago. He spreads out men and supplies all over the island. The speed with which the japanese attacked overwhelmed that end by controlling the air, they really prohibit any kind of movement of supplies or things to baton. I think what happens in terms of that is that macarthur again is just almost blindsided by the speed by which the japanese attack. Let me suggest to you that one thing about macarthur is that he has always worked on his own time and he expected a japanese attack at some point but he thought it was going to come in the spring of 1942. And when it comes in december in emc a fury of planned air at tax, a get and i suggest that he is simply overwhelmed. C and sear in suggest he is overwhelmed. There needs to be more scrutiny about whether he could have moved more quickly and prevented the entire new guinea attack back and forth across the trail. To macarthurs credit, he does then in terms of defending the bay and being ready to respond to the Japanese Invasion there but it is an interesting time in july 1942 that again, there is a lot going on and he does not have much resources. It is still a situation where if you had been able to do that and able to really focus on the big picture of new guinea, he might have been able to start elsewhere than port moresby and shorten the war by six months. There is three macarthur defeats that by no small coincidence come very early and the war. The three great victories that i suggest to you are his invasion of the admiralty in early march of 1944. It is ahead of schedule, a surprise. Completely encircled. I think more importantly, it combined operations. Today we take in air, land, and see acting together by for granted. In 1940 1, 1942 particularly when the gaza, he is just not ready at. He has got to be educated. He has got to evolve as a commander. Again, much to his credit, he does. He embraces combined operations in all of those areas and i just gone quickly to say that the other of two victories from 1944 that i would suggest are on the great list are certainly his leap across the north coast of new guinea and of courses invasion and returned to the philippines. In all of those operations and those great victories, combined and center. S front were going to talk a little bit about macarthur myths. I think there is this myth that he was this great loan will. Loan wolf. Great a solitary figure. It made great press copy. The picture of him sucking on a corncob pipe, reflecting. Were not sure what he is thinking. Maybe you think about strategy, next day operations, his fathers charge of Missionary Ridge. And suggest to you when you peel wolf,hat myth of the lone it is to macarthurs credit he has been able to put together a knows Effective Team that combined operations, knows to Work Together as a team. And we know the names. Eichelberger, Walter Krueger on land. Tom kincaid and dn with moving operations. S dan barbee, his name was uncle dan the amphibious man. He goes to work for macarthur and the first couple assaults that he leads, my goodness. Theres a dozen Landing Craft and a couple supporters in 1943 up the coast of new guinea. Contrast that to years later with 600 ships sitting out there it is lakey golf. Transition ofng Americas Industrial might and strength in only a short twoyear time. Macarthursament to commanders and macarthur himself, who selected these commanders, that we have a situation where they are really able to bring to bear and manage that kind of increase in forces and bring to bear combined operations and of course perhaps most important of all is George Kenney. And his use of air power. We certainly have a situation with the battle of 1943. Prior to that, i think there is General Macarthur saying, oh yeah. As chief of staff, i did not think too much in the 30s about airpower. Saying, i do not know of the army needs bombs. The navy had bombers so he needed bombers, too. That it is a situation that by of bismarck battle sea that macarthur really comes power. Ace air and it becomes an important part of all of his operations. In fact, kenney is so focused on these early advances and to these early raids that would go in and sees forward airbases for his fighters. He had problems with lack of air power because , if youe a link to far well. They had all kinds of air your forces and that kind of support but they have a hard time in the beginning of getting basis established. Initially he has only two squadrons of p38s there. This is an example to macarthur that the airpower is very important and we really always need that going forward. The other couple things i point out which i think has to come under the umbrella of combined operations and under the operations of macarthur eve offering. We will hear later at about the filipino invaders. That remains on the island. Sometimes we forget from the american side that there were a a strongs amount of and troops involved. I keep waiting for industry into write a review of my book and say, for a yankee did not do too bad of a job of reminding folks, oh yes the us trillions were involved and allies. In newurs operations guinea, the bulk of the troops are australian. The final operation of combined operations,s the the kind of intelligence that permit George Kenney to find that japanese convoy that is bound for lady. For leyte. Drug, macarthur knows where a lot of Japanese Forces are. Ise it was relatively dont what is a easy but it was relatively telegraphed in terms of what he has to do to make the leap over the concentration of forces. In retrospect, sometimes it is wri