Walter the timing of this symposium is intentional. 75 years ago next week general recalledr at wars from retirement to u. S. Service starting him on a road to find both him and asia for many years to come. In asia as in much of the world 1945 is yesterday. The modernrstand world, you have to understand or understand much of the modern to understande the stories that we will be exploring today. In the Memorial Building next us the general is buried with his wife jean, and we have two floors of exhibits on his life times. We also have a temporary exhibit on the liberation of the philippines which i encourage you to explore, take time during our breaks and the museum. Both will be open until 5 00 today. This sim foes yum is another Great Partnership providing key support to the mac arthur programs. Nd its id like to recognize them for their support. We have several Board Members here. Id like to recognize them for support. I also would like to recognize my crack staff who are here frankly helped make this happen. I may be the guy up here giving remarks butg without their hard work, professionalism and dedication, we wouldnt be here today and we wouldnt be having the program that were going to have. Jim, amanneddia, corey, robert, you could please give them a round of applause. [applause] christopher at this time im to bring jim forward who will emcee us for the rest of the day. Again, welcome and lets have a day. Jim all right welcome, yall. Glad you all could make it. Is our 15th symposium. We started about 75 when we started putting on the occupation of japan symposiums. And over the past 50 years weve about 15 of them. All of them have always turned because wegreat bring people that tend to use the archives. And thats the thing about macarthur when he set this place up. He wanted it to be a free and open access to all of the materials he had, as well he wanted the macarthur memorial to be a place for free and open and debate about things that were as well as putting a no price tag entry on ,he macarthur at war memorial macarthur memorial. Thanks to all for coming. World war ii veterans . Congressman whitehurst. Theto, fluent from philippines. He grew up in occupied philippines. [applause] ginger Hanson Holmes right here in the middle. Grew up in the jungles during the occupation. Wither brothers fought gorilla leader. Larson . Where are you at . Chris grew up in manila as well, battle boy during the from manila. Got a lot of great [applause] theyre what makes this place so special because they keep coming time. Ll the we had somebody new. Gwen, are you here . She was from los spanos. Yeah. She was in an internment camp. I didnt call you out, its just because i dont know you yet but i hope i sure will soon. We have three great authors here today and then we have the philippine delegation which will presenting their own book, and then, as well, well be showing bonnies film later on with the help of philippine bank, the mainstay behind all of the support that our philippine delegation gets. Long day. Day, a im glad were inside. Its going to be 100 degrees outside. It kickedhead and get off. Our three authors came all the as from colorado as well wisconsin and new jersey all to be here. The one thing they have in is they all did research here at the macarthur memorial books. Se three were very pleased to have them. They all have different styles all three of the books are great. All. Them had to. Because i had to be up here on stage. First off, were going to have Walter Borneman. Walter made quite a nuisance of the past couple of years being here nonstop, this. T get me no. Very nice guy. Very glad to have him. Professional writer. Is his book, macarthur at war. Theres been a lot of books macarthur. Clayton james did three volumes on it and it usually took him about 10 pages just to get to one point. [laughter] very famous book. Used to take him about 10 pages and he never really got to the point. [laughter] walter has a way of synthesize ing ideas and really the essence of fewain issues in just a paragraphs, a few sentences. And thats really the strong point, i think, about walters book. Very insightful about Douglas Macarthur. So we will bring him up right now. So Walter Borneman from colorado, welcome to macarthur memorial. [applause] walter good morning. Morning. Walter it is, indeed, a privilege to be here. Nice going to say some things about jim zobel, and i that i still will after introduction. Im delighted to be back here. I am. I would not have been able to do without the Research Facilities of this particular institution. And i thank it as an institution and i certainly thank jim zobel personally,dual, for all the help. And i was going to alludeless, allude, jim, to fact that maybe there were a few too many emails over the course of three but you offered gracious assistance always and i it. Tly appreciate well, macarthur at war world is,ii in the pacific indeed, just that. Oneally wanted to focus macarthurs evolution as a military commander during that fouryear period of time. Now, i think it goes without the obvious is that with is no middle ground Douglas Macarthur. Him. Are people who revere there are people who despise him. And i think that that was probably true even during his lifetime. To me thising book has been out 10 weeks. And its been amazing to me to country andd the therew much polarizations still is 75 years after macarthur in world war ii, 50 years after the mans death. Theres still a tremendous polarizations. Either those people who are sure general ofgreatest all time or those people who for picky reasons all the way down think that he was a terrible person and made no contributions. That there is no middle ground with douglas seem as a it might mission impossible, for me, to which wastried to do really talk about a very approachand analytical to both the many, many good did,s that i think he particularly this whole idea of his evolution during this fouryear period of time as a and to talkmander about that as well as some of exasperating qualities. And those of you who know that theres no shortage of those kinds of qualities. The adjectives used to describe him were never bland. Whether they were superlatives of add yo layings or disdain theres aor disdain, lot out there. So what i tried to do is, in largeand thanks part to the Research Facility here, the ability to sort of things through, talk to scholars in the field, and kind whoet to the bottom of macarthur was. Mention let me just briefly two things that are themes. And then i really want to spend ame time on this evolution as military commander theme. One of the themes thats in the book that i really found fascinating is how does a man go is relativelyho wellknown but certainly not country ons the december 7, 1941, and then months hes this absolute Great American hero, a rallying cry for everything thats happening in the united alliedand the entire world at that period of time . Well, i think there are a number answers to that. One is certainly his ability to, respects, manage his own press. I think that theres also the situation you have that hes the only one during the first six of 1942 who is really actively engaged with the army. Out there doing some things but earnest j. King, operations, hes not one to publicize things. Macarthurs headquarters, on the outr hand, are cranking these communiques and press releases. And the American Public really on their eyes philippines. I think a final component of he makes this transformation to Great American during that america, these tenuous six months of really desperately need a hero. You know, this is absolutely the setup. Americans wake up on december 8, 1941. They have heard the news of pearl harbor. From that. Eling what is the first thing that happens in their mail on monday december 8 . Douglas macarthur, by some just of fate, ends up on their doorstep on the cover of magazine, a very auditory article by claire booth lewis and she really sets macarthur up this hero in the far east. Again, the timing just by coincidence couldnt have been more amazing. But thats actually what on december 8. The other theme that i tried to book iset into in the oflore this whole issue army navy controversy, rivalry. Ok . Exists becausey there are people on macarthurs staff, like subjecterland and to sutherland and to some extent george kenny who are really antinavy. Talking last evening that sometimes, i think, that thinkcome out i could of a number in the recent past ont are really focused just the controversy and trying to really build it up. And if you read some of these things, you really wonder at the the day well, now, wait a minute. How did we ever win . These guys get together and really make things happen . Thei would suggest you that truth of the matter is that worked prettyally well. Now, early on, you know, hes got his issues with tommy hart the asiatic fleet in the fall of 1941. He comes to work very well in what were going to talk about at some length in combined operations. I think he really does a great navy. Working with the and let me just throw out one thing as kind of an aside and ine some of you historians the room occasion to think about. King, the chief of Naval Operations. Would have happened if somebody else had been in that naval position and hadnt said, as king did, we are going twoocean war. Because king said that, there is of supplies amount and materiel that flow into the pacific. Now, macarthur would not have said that king was one of his strongest supporters or macarthur is a beneficiary of that kind of strategy. Let us talk at some length about the evolution as a military commander. In case there are some people new to macarthur, here is the are 62nd bio to get us to december 7, 1941. Centuryfinitely a 19th man. You need to remember that when you start with General Macarthur. He was born in 1880. His father won the metal honored for the charge of Missionary Ridge in the civil war. He went to west point, graduated first, of course, in the class of 1903. Did two tours in the philippines. Chief of staff and Brigade Commander in the famed rainbow division. After the war, superintendent at west point. Did you know since we are about to focus on the olympics in brazil, he is the head of the american delegation to the 1928 olympics in amsterdam and very, very typical macarthur fashion, he tells the American Team in the amsterdam, americans did not come here to lose. America got first place in terms of gold medals of the 1928 games, so some people do not know that about macarthurs involvement. Athletics were always very important to the general. By 1930, he was chief of staff with Herbert Hoover and stayed on in the position for Franklin Roosevelt. 1935, goes to the philippines as military advisor. 1937, recalled in the United States. What will he do . He is still relatively young. He does not want to go back to being a corps commander. He has done that. Resigns from the army, stays on in the philippines as Philip Marshall of the philippines army. He is basically recalled to duty 75 years ago this month in the philippines to be commander of u. S. Forces in mubarak east. U. S. Forces in the far east. December 7, december 8 in manila time, 1941. Macarthur is awoken in the morning by who is a perl harbor. Awoken in the morning by the news of pearl harbor. We look at him as a military commander. He is simply overwhelmed. As most commanders on the american side by the speed and complexity with which the japanese bring the attack against the philippines and quite frankly, across all of the pacific. It is not surprising that to when we look at and i will give you just three examples of what i think are perhaps his biggest defeat and then three examples of his biggest victories. I have gone around the last 10 weeks and talked to people and the critics of macarthur are always ready immediately to say, macarthur got caught with his planes on the ground at clark field. Well, yes, but those of you who know the story it is far more complex than that in terms of what happens. Operationally, the American Forces at clarksville really account for themselves pretty well. They get the bombers and fighters in the air. The mistake they make is when the second wave, the continuing wave and the japanese attack is happening, they have landed and gone to lunch. That is the problem. But again, the shorthand of macarthur getting caught with his planes on the ground is not quite true. It is much more complicated. The retreat to the peninsula, american and filipino forces, macarthurs strategy had been despite long years of what is called plan orange. Involves rategy he is going to be able to defend the entire archipelago. He spreads out men and supplies all over the island. The speed with which the japanese attacked overwhelmed that and by controlling the air, they really prohibit any kind of movement of supplies or things to baton. I think what happens in terms of that is that macarthur again is just almost blindsided by the speed with which the japanese attacked. Let me suggest to you that one thing about macarthur is that he always worked on his own time and he expected a japanese attack at some point but he thought it was going to come in the spring of 1942. And when it comes in december in such a fury of planned air and sea attacks, i suggest he is overwhelmed. The third topic or defeat in terms of his portfolio that i , i think there needs to be more scrutiny about whether he could have moved more quickly and prevented the entire new guinea attack back and forth across the trail. To macarthurs credit, he does that in terms of defending the bay and being ready to respond to the Japanese Invasion there but it is an interesting time in july 1942 that again, there is a lot going on and he does not have much resources. It is still a situation where if he had been able to do that and able to really focus on the big picture of new guinea, he might have been able to start elsewhere than port moresby and fastforward the war by six months. There is three macarthur defeats that by no small coincidence come very early and the war. In the war. The three great victories that i suggest to you are his invasion in early march of 1944. It is ahead of schedule, a surprise. I think more importantly, it shows combined operations. Today, we take in air, land, and sea acting together for granted. In 1941 and early 1942, he is just not ready yet. He has got to be educated. He has got to evolve as a commander. Again, much to his credit, he does. He embraces combined operations in all of those areas and i just go on quickly to say the other of two victories from 1944 that i would suggest are on the great list are certainly his leap across the north coast of new guinea and of courses invasion and returned to the philippines. In all of those operations and those great victories, combined operations is front and center. Were going to talk a little bit about macarthur myths. I think there is this myth that he was this great lone wolf. A solitary figure. A solitary strategist sitting there brooding. It made great press copy. Sure what he was thinking. Reminiscing about his fathers charge of Missionary Ridge. And suggest to you when you peel back that myth of the lone wolf, it is to macarthurs credit he has been able to put together a highly Effective Team that knows combined operations, knows to Work Together as a team. And we know the names. Bob eichelberger, Walter Krueger on land. Amphibious with operations. Dan barbee, his name was uncle dan the amphibious man. He goes to work for macarthur and the first couple assaults that he leads, my goodness. Theres a dozen Landing Craft and a couple supporters in 1943 a couple of destroyers in 1943 up the coast of new guinea. Contrast that to years later with 600 ships sitting out there in the gulf. It is an amazing transition of Americas Industrial might and strength in only a short twoyear period of time. It is a testament to macarthurs commanders and macarthur himself, who selected these commanders, that we have a situation where they are really able to bring to bear and manage that kind of increase in forces and bring to bear combined operations and, of course, perhaps most important of all is George Kenney. And his use of air power. We certainly have a situation with the battle of 1943. Prior to that, i think there is General Macarthur saying, oh yeah. As chief of staff, i did not think too much in the 30s about airpower. He is on record saying, i do not know of the army needs bombs. The navy had bombers so he needed bombers, too. That it is a situation that by watching the battle of bismarck sea that macarthur really comes to embrace air power. And it becomes an important part of all of his operations. In fact, kenney is so focused on these early advances and to these early raids that would go sees forward airbases for his fighters. The one time he had problems with lack of air power because they made a new leap too far. This is an example to macarthur. Important andry we really always need that going forward. The other couple things i point out which i think has to come under the umbrella of combined operations and under the macarthur evolving. Sometimes we forget from the american side that there were a tremendous amount of a strong of australian troops involved. Keep waiting for an historian to write a review of my book and say, for a yankee did not do too bad of a job of reminding folks, the australians were involved. The final operation of combined operations is the operations, the kind of intelligence that permit George Kenney to find that japanese convoy that is bound for leyte. Make that kind of attack and be knows attack, macarthur where a lot of the concentration of Japanese Forces is. Because it was relatively i dont what is easy but it was relatively telegraphed in terms of what he has to do to make the leap over the concentration of forces. In retrospect, so