This 90 minute event. We have two speakers tonight. Work and speakers published as a team. Easton, thank you. Gps he coauthor of declassified, which is named as one of six books on the professional reading list. Richard has contributed a number of articles on the history of and a the space quest spaceflight the institute of navigation newsletter. He has also spoken widely on the aiic including to the guidance network. As well as the after longitude modern navigation in context seminar in england. As well as at the Explorers Club in new york. Fraiser is a independent other who specializes in science technology, business and help. Work published online by Government Technology and various North Carolina publications and worldwide magazines. Worldview magazines to be accurate. Maps, hee passion for theuthored with him comprehensive examination of the Global Positioning system of gps from its origin as a cold war military program to its inrgence as a vital utility the variety of positioning, navigation and timing applications for public use worldwide. Eric . In with, [applause] eric thank you, bob. Good evening, thank you for coming. Richard and i would like to thank everyone for inviting us here. , the historyt gps of gps and its extraordinary impact on military and civilian life across the globe. Limited time out we will be heading the high spots of gps history and during questions and answers if there are areas where we do not address them please raise them. Any personal experience with gps please ensure that even if you do not have a question. Presentation comes from the book, i will spend a few minutes talking about it. Said, gps declassified talks about the development of gps from its cold war roots to a worldwide consumer industry and a vital public utility. We do look back at the history theavigation and we look at future of Global Navigation satellite systems. We wrote the book for three primary reasons to fill a gap in literature, by assimilating elements that were scattered addressf skier sources, numerous misconceptions and myths that we found in the popular media and to raise awareness of the vast nonmilitary dependence on gps in hopes of promoting Public Policy. Neither of us are policy experts, we looked at this from a sociological and historical perspective. We vote one way to make better decisions today is to look at what has happened in the past. I willjor takeaway w back up. That space tracking leads to navigation with the gps, that mostly significant navigational advance since the marine chronometer was invented. Positioning, navigation and timing is now critical to commerce and civilian life. Making it a necessary utility. We would like to ask audiences when we talk about gps to consider what they know about it. Look at these five true and the dose questions and if you not know the answer to them with hope that you will know the answer to them by the end of our talk. This evening we are going to talk about how Gps Technology invented and that military laboratories revolutionized war fighting weapons and tactics and strategies. Compared to Common Misconceptions gps development envisioned civilian use from the very start. Gps has fun competing and complementary systems worldwide. Has become integral for commercial and scientific activities. Isnt that today is greater than most people realize. A criticalas component of infrastructure. How richard and i who did not know each other before working on this book became collaborators is worth noting. 2009 as a result of the irldwide financial crisis experienced a restructuring and i was unemployed. I started freelancing fulltime. I always wanted to write a book and now i did not have an excuse that i did not have time. I thought what would i write about . Scienceeen working in and covered business education, i thought i would find a topic that blended science and business. As i looked around something my daughter said to me came back. She was directionally challenged in high school, she would always ask us to pull out a map and guide her to where she needed to go. I said why dont you call us to as for directions . She said she bought a gps. Said whoever invented gps may be a genius and that is when i thought this was a elon musk or steve jobs story. What i found that this was a complex story involving decades. By february of 2010i knew that i eastonto interview roger who worked at the Naval Research laboratory. I did not know how to find him or if he was even still alive. I did come across some articles that his son had authored. Letntact richard and i will him take over the story from here. Richard good evening. Maggedon played a role in this book. There was two feet of snow in 2010,gton in february of then another foot of snow. Be inductedposed to into the hall of fame in the middle of february. They decided that having those adventures what there is still good idea. They delayed the ceremony and march until march. Exchanged emails after he contacted me on february 20. I also told him i was working on a book that had not got much action with publishers. Perhaps we should join forces. He went to the ceremony and met many of the people involved. We thought that joining forces would be a good. Good thing. Going back to the beginning of the space age. All the americans and soviets said they would launch a rocket. Of 1957 to december. Eisenhower set up a committee to decide who would watch the First American satellite. There were proposals from the air force, navy and army. The air force was focused on icbms. Was byy proposal von braun,. R in the 1950s my dad started in 1952. N this the navy one which surprised the navy. The technical had said they had a rocket and we dont. The navy had to work on the three stage rocket. The first stage which was a upgraded viking. Do not confuse liking with the nasa program from the 70s. This was at upper atmospheric research. They upgraded the viking at the first stage and new rockets for the second and third state. Tnik iniets launched spu 1957. It was the first satellite. The person who dubbed it project vanguard was in paris when the satellite lost. They wondered if the soviets atomic bomb on this icbm, then the soviets launched sputnik two. The first three stage test of vanguard called tv three. Eisenhowers administration would launch a satellite into orbit. Which horrified the people at project vanguard that there was a low probability of working. Launchpad it the lost three feet off of the path. It blew up on national tv. The satellite that my dad decided, there it is on the right. The satellite would survive that explosion. It was right on top. The peopleoled down my dad. With by dad he was asked what they should do with it . They got a wooden box. It weighed about three and a half pounds. It was really tiny. On aught a ticket for it commercial airline. I tell this story to some of to someone you may know. We wonder what the tsa would think about that today. It is now at the air and space museum. This is the more successful launch of vanguard 1. The second satellite to reach orbit and the oldest still up there. One of the advantages of having a three and a half on satellite is it is easy to get home. This is the oldest satellite in orbit on the right. Spaces me, the young historian with my brothers and sisters at our home. Say it looks like late winter in washington dc. This was one week before the launch. You can see the solar cells. The batterypowered transmitter would last weeks or months at beset. Had to transmitters. One was said to very slightly from the exterior temperature of the satellite. Despite it being a very small satellite it actually had pretty useful scientific instrumentation. I should add that the proposal for project vanguard which one use satellites for navigation. That idea was very early in there. This is the tv3 that was being disassembled. To the right there is my father and another man who worked on the satellite. Before satellite navigation, how do people navigate . I do not have time in detail. You can see the four major categories, visual aids, landmarks, celestial objects, then the compass. Invented by and then they got to 800 a. D. Around as navigation improves trade was improved. Globalization and this was important for trade. One, theee the third marine chronometer which happened in 1761. Navigating at sea require technological advances, Escalade Technology astrolabe technology. Studying spaces moons. D jupiters is if item with this is cloudy you cannot use it. Or if you better is on the wrong side you cannot use it. What is good on land is not necessarily as good at sea. We can see the same thing with gps, early on one of the first uses was by surveyors when you just had a view satellites in orbit and you just would put your equipment down and you wait for the satellite to go overhead. As you get more satellites you improve your position. Isally the fourth category the discovery of highfrequency electromagnetic waves. Gps uses radio waves. So one example of navigation before gps was the expedition to antarctica. That ship which looking at the from the took off south georgia in december of 1914. Then you can see in the green part of the map after their ship got crushed by ice they would drift in their three lifeboats and finally once they reached open sea they sailed to violence. They were on dry land. Helpey were going to get they had to go to a and habited lace. Inhabited place. The only real place they could land was south georgia. Navigator and he told him that they could not be sure of their position within 10 miles. And they found georgia they landed immediately. They had to climb over the uninhabited interior which alpine climbers 30 or 40 years later had difficulty doing. Is whoever will die and you can do unusual thanks. They were taking sites with their sextant. C. Uhur aarke best known for the 2001 space odyssey movie made a great production with gps. 1956, it is one year before sputnik, perhaps in 30 orbital replaces them could take over the entire that we have today. With the 24 hour orbit it could have censorship free tv service but that also make possible a position finding great where anyone under could locate themselves within a couple of dials on the instrument. This by 1986. Ng the satellite composition was done by 1993. Amazingly accurate by arthur clarke. Talked a little bit about that satellite they contracted. They proposed satellite navigation by inverting the track. They are saying we are using ground stations to track this. Why cant we use a satellite to give us positions of receivers in the air . My father in 1967 said that to using ranging, if you know what time a signal lead to satellite and receiving that you know you how far you are from the satellite. You are somewhere on the surface of a spirit that distance from a satellite. Light travels at 186,000 miles per second. If it is 1 10 of a second, you are solely miles from the satellite. There is so much of the ionosphere. That is what passive ranging and gps does. That i hadersation in Parent Organization lab, april of 1864. He was explaining how the mazer works. It obtained as fantastic timekeeping capability. This device appeared to make passive ranging feasible. He agreed and we spent a week working on the idea. , he of you may know his son has been involved in the search ,or extraterrestrial life said. Seti. For project vanguard my dad work on the mini track system that and maryland. There were a couple of other station. That reggie vanguard is going to lunch in the east. Earths rotation to get a satellite into orbit faster. At the equator the earth is rotating 24,000 miles in one day. You are getting about 1000 miles boost. Looking at kit canaveral the southernmost point of the United States. Launchhe europeans satellites from france to take advantage of the rotation. They figured a north and south configuration would be ideal for tracking analytes watched in the east. Point, the middle , there is mying dad taking data. When the soviets launched their satellite the geophysical year said you would want at a certain frequency. They lost to a different frequency, the man i talked memo sayingut a there would be no more paid overtime for project vanguard. Two days later the soviets lost the satellite and he said that memo would be ignored. They work for about three days adjust this ok could. Ick up the satellite what do you do with a Spy Satellite . They depended on detecting the signal from a transmitter of for the satellite. Many of them are quiet most of the time. In january of 1958 this is before the First American satellite was launched. Death conceived of a much more powerful system which was called mabel space surveillance. It had three transmitter stations. It was just receiving the signal from the satellite. They had three transmitters stationed with six receivers along the northern quadrant. From Southern California to georgia. He figured that a Spy Satellite could watch with a polar orbit. It could detect the entire earth , we will see the entire earth overtime. And westst configuration that was ideal for picking up a Spy Satellite. Did washey surveillance surveillance did was bounce this signal. A native of a lot more power for that. They were about 100 times as long as the configurations they had. One of the most secret a look at, they had what was along 33 degrees north. Space surveillance was on there. They are using the system which was for space warfare. Daily decommissioned the broadcast the program. Three of these proposals, the first space based navigation system. Is traffic using doppler. Is frequency changes as it moving away from you. That they get a system for nasa with a lunch some satellites but he got consumed by gps. Navigation his time system was able to track sputnik. A method synthesized to create gps. So in 1968 they specified the satellite system had to be threedimensional. It had to be able to be used by airplanes. Carried first atomic clock and 74 they carried the first cesium atomic clock. It plus the first three gps satellites you see the illustration off to the right. With four satellites and site, approved in 1978, the gps would work. The marked one with a test satellite lunch between 7885. These were heavily used in the first gulf war. Here is an equation from 1971 four dimensional, how you solved for your 3d position plus time. Literature, in gps my dads system, time nation, was not threedimensional. While they solving for four dimensions . These are the operational satellites. As it can see, to are for replacement. The modernization followup. Satellites get improved design wise, civilian block, the most recent to ask, was launched in 2016. Satellites,he new the first one when we wrote the , they said the first one would be launched in 2014. Their challenges, the ground system has to be upgraded to control the gps three. They have been talking about ocx, the new ground system but its way behind schedule. Theres no sense sending up a gps three, until the ground schedules capable of controlling it. Plus they have found some problems, one part had not been tested the way it should have been. You want to have a failure, but you see, 15 year design wise, power. Gnals, more one of the things you care about gps, it could be attacked through jamming and spoofing, and a more powerful signal will help against that. So today, consolation has 31 operational satellites. He did some restrictions on some of the signals. You can only have 32. We are five residuals. If some of the operational ones were knocked out, they could put back in the constellation, the residual. To master control systems, timing accuracy, accuracy on the ground, this is not strictly from gps. Obviously, using ground stations, you can get improved accuracy. More than one billion civilian and commercial gps users worldwide. Gps is so successful, everybody wants one. The russians started their clonus system the first test satellite was in 1978 by gps. Launchedts back then their first satellite in 1982. With the breakup of the soviet union bonus fell on hard times. Its since been rebuilt. They now call in Global Navigation satellite systems. Gps is. The first and still the best. Europeans did not like selective availability, were we degraded signal for civilian applications. They started working on the galileo system. Originally at the chinese were cooperating with the europeans, then they decided to break off for gis systems with worldwide ambition they should reach those systems by japan and india city, you mayn a not be able to get all the gps signals you need for your threedimensional position plus time. Satellites that are geosynchronous or near geosynchronous orbit say improve as will navigation finding in japan and india. Im going to turn it back over to eric. So, the most current studies that we have of gps and gn assess systems worldwide come from the gsa the european global satellite navigation agency, thats the acronym they use. Their fourth Global Market survey in 2000 15. They do it every two years another one soon. Detailedthey produced user requirement analysis. They have analyzed almost 400 receiver chipsets they estimate estimated to the king that there were 5 billion gn ss receivers in the world. To increaseed that by 2019 to 7 billion. Thats an average of one for every person on the planet. Gps015, they estimated the Equipment Market at 250 billion euros worldwide. By 2023, that will rise to 300 billion euros. Look on the left where we see the gps is in all devices it is sometimes called the gold standard, its been around the longest, very reliable less than 20 5 of devices rely solely on gps. Large group here in green in the second bar, gps and clonus have been around for the longest. Thats a large group of receivers. The Fastest Growing group of receivers are here in the last are now 30 of receivers set up to receive signals from all four constellations, thats the Fastest Growing 30 from 25 a year before. Many people dont realize civilian use was envisioned from the very beginning. If we go back to july 19 comes subnet 1974, the global System Program management plan, the official operating book of this program, said that forced acquisition signal will serve as an aid to the acquisition of the precise signal, and will also provide an navigation signal in the clear to both military and civil users. So is richard mentioned earlier, actuallyby civilians proceeded military use. Surveyors were the first people to utilize gps. Because you co