Writer, so the times i will have to speak in hawaiian, it is sick. We will talk about the hawaiian language. The first thing i need to do is make some disclaimer of utility, captiveility, because paradise is intended to explain the essentials of how the United States, how we got our hands on the place. I have never gotten such good reviews, the reviews i got from wall street journal all the way up to honolulu magazine were extraordinary, really wonderful reviews, which did not prepare me for the anger i saw in the native independence blogs. They hated it and hated me just hated me, just another hally trying to make another bunch of money off of our history. Apparently they think that people write history for money, which tells you something about their understanding of the publishing business. [laughter] james there was on one of these hawaiian history and culture blogs a native scholar who said yeah, he is white, he should not have written it. But i was curious, so i read it. It is not bad. Dont you think it would help us i mean, here is a mainstream american publisher and a somewhat wellknown writer, who agrees with us. Dont you think we should use it . Well, she was shouted into silence in 20 minutes. That people like me arent supposed to poke their nose into their business. Now the first thing i need to , say in their defense is that this is not anything like Political Correctness run amok, because it is not. Actually there is combat over , who gets to talk about the narrative is not new at all. In fact, the very first nativelanguage history of hawaii, which was written by the [laughter] i practiced. In fact, when i made this research trip, i will tell you a bit about that oh, a lot of their Research Facilities are privately owned, and if they dont like you, they dont have to help you. But even memorized the name of that famous fish, the longest name in the world. Humuhumunukunukuhuapuaa. It impressed nobody. [laughter] when publish his version of hawaii reaction was , furious. Our story is sacred, this can only come from the priests. You are just telling it to everybody. The country people and Common People dont have a right to know our story. There is a little some of that i think still today. It is an active war zone. Lets put it that way. I come from doing Texas History for about 40 years, and of the degree to which Political Correctness has seized Texas History, and people who were heroes for 120 years are suddenly these land grabbing inalists, in a white hawaii it is eight times worse because we took the country. I understand it. Before i went over there, i was having lunch with a history professor friend of mine ostensibly on the topic of whether i wanted to come back to his university and finished my phd in history. And he asked me, how are you doing with the hawaii book . And i said i am not doing , anything to change my opinion, but the overthrow was a nasty piece of work. There is no defending it. It was awful. But i am becoming really troubled by the amount of oppression and violence against the Common People by their own chiefs and kings before we ever showed up. I gave them some examples, and he said, yes, that is very true. But of course if you write your , book that way, and you dont, his words, position the natives as victims of american racism, that will not help you get back into grad school. [laughter] james i marinated in this, then i said, that must mean what they say with academic freedom. [laughter] james so i had the opportunity to go to research, and i discovered very quickly the local phenomenon known as stink eye. [laughter] james this is the look you get from natives who find out that you are researching their history or nosing into their culture. There was one lady, a docent at kilauea. My Research Assistant let it drop i was writing a book, and she gave me that look. She said, of course you realize you are not the person who should write it. But if you insist on it, the first thing you should do is submit yourself to the kupuna, the elders, and if they approve of you, go to the bishop is he him, because they are the ones that know the story the best. And i thought, well, i won this award twice and this award twice i dont submit myself to , anybody, but thank you. The next day we had lunch with a professor who said in hawaii, to be an anthropologist and be fired from the Bishop Museum is a badge of honor. [laughter] james active war zone. , if there ishought a native research, and there are increasingly more and more resources coming to the surface that need to be explored, and when somebody produces that book, i will be first in line to buy it but i have had 120 years. My whole take in captive paradise was to explain to them mainland audience how these are not, how did we get our hands on the place. So tonight we are going to look i cant really call her liliuokalani. She was not named to that. She grew up as lydia. In a larger sense, we will talk shapedow her culture her, and our understanding of her in the country. Now, i know that in a biography series, we need to spend more time on the biography, but we have no hope of understanding liliuokalani without going into the culture, so we have to do some contexting here, or we are not prepared. So i have brought a powerpoint. This is longer than the powerpoint i did before, and i will have less than a minute on each of these slides. So dr. Carly, where are you . Ok. When i start getting to 10 minutes, you need to give me a sign, because i have been accused many times, i will keep you here till next tuesday. It is entirely true. Modern hawaii began with a male began with kamehameha i. He was a young alii. Chieftainpart of the cast. They were the precontact population about 400,000, and about 400 chiefs. He was one. And when captain cook stopped on the west coast of the big island in the day, the king, young in the bay, the king, young kamehameha was with him. He was looking at everyone trading, all the interesting things they have, he was checking out the cannons. Understand, there was no iron in hawaii. A nail was worth a big pay. A big pig. He thought, if i had these weapons, i could conquer the whole place. His name means the loneliness of the god. And he was off there by himself thinking how he might do this. He asked the kahuna, the priest, how do i do this . They said, build a great temple to the war god. He built the temple, which is 100 feet wide, 225 feet long. Up to 20 feet high. The lava blocks were passed by hand from the valley 14 miles away. It was a place where human sacrifices were performed. I hear gasps. A lot of us are unaware human sacrifice is a part of the kapu religion, but it was. When captain cook got there in 1779, it was at the end of the matihiki season. They fight, they war, then they have four months of celebration. That is matihiki. A lot of the polynesians thought he was the storm god. At the end of makihiki, they had a ceremony. The end of it was when the priest first eight the eyeball ate the eyeball of a tuna. When that was done, he ate the eyeball of a fresh human sacrifice. That is what life was back in those days. He built this huge temple to the war god, who is depicted here. The hawaiian language is a dialect of polynesian. So what is t in tahiti is k in hawaii. These would be taking tiki in tahiti. Except it is kiki. That is to of the images. That is what they were worshiping. It took him 30 years to conquer the place. He was kind of a middling successful warrior, lots of mayhem, lots of butchery, tens of thousands of people died. Some escaped, including this fellow. [speaking hawaiian] when he got to new england, they could not pronounce his name, so they called him henry. [laughter] james he had seen his family butchered by the kamehameha soldiers. He jumped into the water, swam onto an american ship. He went all over the world, settled in connecticut, went to yell, to yale, went to seminary and was imbued with the spirit of mission. We did not send missionaries to hawaii. It took him years of yelling at them, if you people believe that jesus stuff, you would send missionaries to my country and end this horror. Seven years, and they said ok. They opened a mission school. And he started translating the bible. Said, do you really know english that well . And he said, why do we need english he went from hebrew to hawaiian. He said there are chromatic and structural similarities that made hebrew grammatical and structural similarities that made hebrew easy for him. He got sick and died. He never got to go back. Everyone was sorry, so we put together a mission, it got there in 1820. While he was over here studying and translating the bible by the way, when i was at the Hawaii Historical Society in honolulu, i found his workbook where he actually started creating a hawaiienglish dictionary. It was quite moving. While he is over here, the man died kamehameha died. , and his queen, the favorite of his 19 wives, she was not the greatest. She was the favorite recreational wife, very smart, very forceful. Well, she got tired of her religion for two reasons. She could see it did not work, because all the prohibitions of kapu were not working. Women would be thrown off the cliff for eating a banana. So there is one punishment under kapu, that is death. She could see all the western sailors coming and breaking the kapu left and right, the volcano would not blow up. So if it is not working, why are we keeping this religion . Also, after he died, she would have gone to the back of the room. She had no intention of going to the back of the room. She ended kapu. She had temples burned, idols pulled down. And there was a spiritual vacuum in hawaii that by the time we ist missionaries, and this the first contingent everybody in america thinks we sent missionaries, they destroyed the local religion. They sailed into the vacuum. The hawaiians are a spiritual people, and they took very readily to christianity. In fact there are stories i can , tell you, but there is no time, and it is too polite an audience. When they discovered what a wide open place the South Pacific was, they were aghast. But the hawaiians took to it. In fact this church was built on , a spring that belonged to a high chief jutess. Ieftess. Ch it was composed of 14,000 coral cut byks of , hand at the bottom of honolulu harbor. Kind of like the medieval peasants in europe that built the cathedrals. They were kind of used to this anyway. This period of transition between human sacrifice, women getting thrown over the cliff for eating a banana to american , congregationalist boston ways of doing things. That is what lydia was born into. These are her grandparents. Birth parents. Of the others, they actually had a bunch of children. The story is that the americans got there and gave diseases to these people and they lost their fertility. Actually in the traditional Hawaiian Culture, the best thing you could do was marry your sister. They have been doing this for centuries. Which might have some thing to do with fertility. She was not raised by them. Among the hawaiians, you had a baby, they gave it to a relative and you raised it. , it is called adoption. She grew up at her adoptive parents. They were very highborn. She loved this house. She always wrote a very fondly of this house. She became the hanai sister of one of the last two kamehameha direct descendents. She and bernice were very close. We will talk later about how they married about the same time, different people. But she is the founder of the Bishop Museum that funded the kamehameha schools. And all this. One of lydias i should explain. Her name, she was born i know i wrote this down this is what you get for giving me wind wine at your dinner. [laughter] james she was baptized as lydia, but in those days the high office in the kingdom, a combination of Prime Minister and coruler was the halfsister , of the king. I have to find the name. Appeared e child. Hild, [speaking hawaiian] my hawaiian is too clumsy. She had an eye infection that was very painful. So she named the baby, painful, tearful sore eyes. By god, everyone is going to suffer. [laughter] here it is. [speaking hawaiian] [laughter] she was baptized as lydia. [laughter] right. Now this guy is one of my , heroes. Forgive me if i start bawling. Halfbrother, kamehameha the third, was the last surviving son of the conqueror. He was born under immense privilege. He had life and death power over everybody, but he was torn between two worlds. He tried to commit suicide when the missionaries prevented him from marrying his sister. To the native people, it would have been a brilliant match because their mother was the product of a half sister marriage, and the granddaughter of the full marriage, and if and her had a child, it would be next to the gods. They would not let her be out in the sunlight. She had to stay in the shade because she was so holy. Well, the missionary was horrified and he tried to kill himself. High settled for the chieftess of maui. And then he became a dedicated christian. His mother became an even more dedicated christian. And they dragged him kicking and screaming into the church. But by the time he was broken, he gave his people a declaration of human rights, a constitution, he gave them a legislature, and surrendered half of his own land so that the Common People could own land. He was a great, great king. Very close to liliuokalani. He was aware of the lack of heirs. In fact, they had too little baby boys but they both died in infancy. And here was a lesson for young lydia. He executed her grandfather for murder, which was unthinkable for a high chief. Her grandfather wanted to get a a divorce, and the missionaries would not let him get a divorce until he was single again, so he said, fine. And so he killed her. [laughter] well, he found out he signed the death warrant. There was a stark lesson in the new morality for young lidia and her siblings. Including her older brother who became king. So he also realized, we are not having kids and the throne has to go somewhere, so he enlarged the circle of succession. She and her family were not born into the kamehameha royalty. They were distended descendents of kamehamehas first cousin. He accepted them into the group of people eligible for the throne. He founded the royal school to educate them in ways that the western world would expect of royalty. It began as the chief children school. This is a later picture. Do you see that crowd on the balcony . The attic was what they called the boston parlor. The missionaries contributed their very best furniture silver furniture, silver, dishes so that they could learn polite society. And we will discover later and what good stead that put them. At the mission museum, i looked at some of the workbooks of the students at the royal school. And one of the things they did to learn english there is an , exercise on english words ending in tion. This is all written out. Sir, i perused your oration with much deliberation and with no little consternation and after at the great infatuation of your week imagination to show veneration on such slight foundation, but after examination and serious contemplation i suppose your admiration was the fruit of recreation. [laughter] it went on and on. It was hysterical. But another exercise that just floored me was that the students also learned and copied the louisiana bell. He had a what on earth they thought the hawaiian elite children whatever have to do with the louisiana bill, and bell. And they also learned black jupiter. It must have come from the common assumption that the polynesians were african. They discovered to their cost , and it has a lot to do with how they came to regard the United States. That is the only explanation i could come up with. Here we have lydia at the royal school. She was immensely bright. She had three brothers. Her two older brothers were there. One died, and the other begin king. She was especially gifted in poetry. You have to understand hawaiian poetry. Violetst roses are red, are blue. The Hawaiian Culture produced an extraordinarily high chant. Preserved their culture. Their old story was conveyed in chant. She mastered this. One thing about their language that makes it so difficult is that every word has about three meetings three meanings. There is the exact meaning and there is the hidden meaning. In public speaking i would be saying what i am saying, but then i would also be using classical allusions that only the hawaiians would get. Somewhere down the line there is a somewhat irreverent sexual raspberry, because they are polynesians and make sex jokes out of everything. [laughter] lidia masters this. By the way, it was the missionaries that gave them a written language. They went from virtually a stone age society, the missionaries made everything compact. Within 10 years they had a Literacy Rate among the highest in the world. They had native language newspapers, they had nativelanguage publications. It was amazing. These people were very bright and ready for learning. And lydia mastered this. She had an extra very musical extraordinary musical talent. She became a near concert quality pianist. She composed between 150160 songs in her lifetime, one of which you heard during the intro. I have heard for many years in preparing this lecture, a modern website saying, poor lydia after , she is toppled from the throne and so wistful about what she is lost, she writes this song the. Ell to no. Actually she wrote this song in 1878 in a horseback riding expedition. If you have not been to hawaii, there are tradewinds that blow. The northeast side of the island is jungle. The mountains squeeze out all the rain. The western slope is like mediterranean. It looks kind of like arizona on a good day. She was on this trip and she saw one of their companions he gave a very affectionate farewell, probably to her younger sister. And she began humming this popular tune called the lone rock by the sea. Composed this song about this parting between two lovers. She was an amazing student. She was also unlike her , brothers, sincere in her profession of christian faith. She was actually a very persuaded churchgoer. When she got bigger, she played the organ. She led the choir. Which, the king thought was maybe beneath the dignity of a royal princes. But even at school she was constantly exposed to these reminders of the old days. And the headmaster, amos cook, was constantly in a dither of what to do with the 16 royal progeny. You have to remember he was a , chief from birth. They were powerful even as toddlers. When alexander showed up, he was three years old. He shows up at school with 30 servants. [laughter] hiss one guy to carry umbrella, another to carry his spit box. They spent spit constantly